Journal Article

Economic Evaluation of the Next Generation Electronic Medical Records in Singapore: Cost-Utility Analysis

Chen, Cynthia, Sukmanee, Jarawee, Soon, Khai Wee, Lim, Julian, D'Souza, Jared Louis Andre, Teerawattananon, Yot

2025

Overview

With the vast development of technology and the evolving needs of patients and health care providers, electronic medical records (EMRs) have become a cornerstone for health information. However, different institutions have used different EMR systems. Our study investigates the potential benefits of implementing an integrated and common platform, known as the Next Generation Electronic Medical Record (NGEMR) in Singapore. The NGEMR allows improved data sharing between health care facilities and can promote better coordination between primary care and specialist care doctors to access patients' records from the same database. This study aims to conduct an economic evaluation of the NGEMR to inform future health care system upgrades. A cost-utility analysis comparing NGEMR with the legacy EMR was conducted using a decision tree model with a 1-year time horizon from a health care system perspective. Input parameters of patients visiting primary care at the National University Polyclinics and specialist outpatient clinics from a General Hospital were extracted from the EMR systems. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated using costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). NGEMR was cost-effective and yielded a marginal health benefit (0.00006 QALYs gained) at a slightly higher cost (S $2.73; US $2.02), with an ICER of S $46,349 (US $34,298) per QALY. At the willingness-to-pay thresholds of 0.5- and 1-time gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (S $48,899; US $36,185 and S $97,798; US $72,371 per QALY), the implementation of NGEMR had a 52.2% and 64.7% probability of being cost-effective, respectively. The reduction in waiting time to see a specialist resulted in 2.3% fewer hospitalizations. The most influential parameter on the ICER was the probability of receiving duplicate tests, followed by the costs of admission and the probability of seeing a specialist. Reducing the probability of receiving duplicate tests for NGEMR from 20.7% to 13.2% resulted in a cost-saving ICER. A threshold analysis on the proportion of patients with a waiting time of less than 20 days for NGEMR was further explored, as it was a sensitive parameter on the cost-effectiveness of NGEMR. Increasing the proportion of patients with a waiting time of less than 20 days from 45.5% to 56% would result in cost savings for NGEMR. The adoption of NGEMR is cost-effective in Singapore. Beyond cost-effectiveness, the reduction of waiting time between primary and specialist care can lower the possibility of patients' health deterioration, thus reducing hospital admissions. We recommend continuous monitoring of waiting times and the likelihood of having duplicate tests as countries transition from basic to advanced-level EMR systems. Future analyses could benefit from more granular data on timing and clinical indications and incorporate real-world local data as they become available through ongoing NGEMR rollout evaluations.

• Publisher: Journal of Medical Internet Research,Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH, Associate Professor,JMIR Publications
• Subject: Adoption of innovations / Analysis / Archives & records / Clinics / Computerized medical records / Coordination / Cost analysis / Cost control / Cost reduction / Cost-Benefit Analysis / Costs / Data / Decision trees / Deterioration / Economic aspects / Effectiveness / Electronic health records / Electronic Health Records - economics / Electronic records / Family physicians / GDP / Gross Domestic Product / Health care / Health care expenditures / Health care industry / Health care policy / Health care reform / Health facilities / Health information / Health services / Hospitalization / Hospitals / Humans / Information storage / Information technology / Interoperability / Long term health care / Medical decision making / Medical personnel / Medical records / Medical referrals / Medical research / Medicine, Experimental / Multimedia / Original Paper / Outpatient clinics / Patients / Physicians / Practitioner patient relationship / Primary care / Probability / Quality adjusted life years / Quality of life / Return on investment / Singapore / Software / Systematic review / Tests / Thresholds / Time / Utility functions / Waiting times / Willingness to pay