Journal Article

Accuracy and Fit of Three-Unit Dental Restorations Fabricated from 3D-Printed Resins and CAD/CAM Milling Materials: A Micro-CT Study

Öztemel, Nursena, Beuer, Florian, Schmidt, Franziska, Yassine, Jamila, Diken Türksayar, Almira Ada

2026

Overview

(1) Purpose: To compare the fabrication accuracy, internal fit, and marginal adaptation of three-unit definitive resin fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) produced by subtractive milling and additive manufacturing. (2) Materials and Methods: A typodont mandible was prepared for a three-unit FDP, with full crown preparations on teeth mandibular left canine and mandibular left second premolar featuring 1 mm chamfer finish lines. The FDP was designed with a 16 mm2 connector and a 100 µm cement gap. Two milling materials (Ambarino High-Class, IPS e.max CAD) and two experimental 3D printing hybrid resins (3D-1, 3D-2) were used. All restorations were scanned using an intraoral scanner and compared to the original STL using reverse engineering software for surface trueness and deviation analysis. The internal fit was evaluated using the triple-scan method, while marginal fit was assessed via micro-CT imaging. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests (α = 0.05). (3) Results: Milled groups demonstrated a lower prevalence of external, marginal, and overall surface deviations (p < 0.001), while 3D-1 exhibited comparable deviations within the internal region with M-E (p = 0.067). Milled groups had average gap values that were similar to 3D-1 (p > 0.08), but significantly lower than 3D-2 (p < 0.002). In marginal adaptation evaluated by micro-CT, the M-A and M-E groups provided significantly lower gaps, while the 3D-1 and 3D-2 groups exhibited wider marginal and axial gaps. (4) Conclusions: These results indicate that while milling remains a more reliable manufacturing method for achieving external and marginal precision, position 3D-1 is a compelling, chairside alternative to milling.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
• Subject: 3-D printers / 3D printing / Accuracy / Adaptation / Additive manufacturing / CAD / CAD-CAM systems / CAD/CAM / Canine teeth / Chamfering / Computed tomography / Computer aided design / Computer programs / CT imaging / Dental restorative materials / Dentistry / Deviation / Digitization / Dimensional analysis / fixed dental prosthesis (FDPs) / internal fit / Mandible / marginal adaptation / Medical imaging / micro-CT imaging / Production methods / Prostheses / Prosthetics / Resins / Silicones / Software / Statistical analysis / Three dimensional printing / Tomography / Variance analysis