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Evolution and classification of the CRISPR–Cas systems
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Evolution and classification of the CRISPR–Cas systems
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Journal Article
Evolution and classification of the CRISPR–Cas systems
2011
Overview
The CRISPR–Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–CRISPR-associated proteins) systems are immunity systems that are present in many bacteria and archaea. Here, Koonin and colleagues present a new classification of these systems and introduce a new nomenclature of the genes in the CRISPR–
cas
loci that better reflects the relationships between the proteins.
The CRISPR–Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–CRISPR-associated proteins) modules are adaptive immunity systems that are present in many archaea and bacteria. These defence systems are encoded by operons that have an extraordinarily diverse architecture and a high rate of evolution for both the
cas
genes and the unique spacer content. Here, we provide an updated analysis of the evolutionary relationships between CRISPR–Cas systems and Cas proteins. Three major types of CRISPR–Cas system are delineated, with a further division into several subtypes and a few chimeric variants. Given the complexity of the genomic architectures and the extremely dynamic evolution of the CRISPR–Cas systems, a unified classification of these systems should be based on multiple criteria. Accordingly, we propose a 'polythetic' classification that integrates the phylogenies of the most common
cas
genes, the sequence and organization of the CRISPR repeats and the architecture of the CRISPR–
cas
loci.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 41
/ 631/326
/ Acids
/ Adaptive Immunity - genetics
/ Analysis
/ archaea
/ Archaeal Proteins - classification
/ Archaeal Proteins - genetics
/ Bacteria
/ Bacterial Proteins - classification
/ Bacterial Proteins - genetics
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ CRISPR
/ defense
/ Plasmids
/ protein
/ Proteins
/ provides acquired-resistance
/ repeats
/ Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
/ Virology
/ Viruses
