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Engineering human immune organoids for translational immunology
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Engineering human immune organoids for translational immunology
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Journal Article
Engineering human immune organoids for translational immunology
2025
Overview
Animal models have been extensively used as a gold standard in various biological research, including immunological studies. Despite high availability and ease of handling procedure, they inadequately represent complex interactions and unique cellular properties in humans due to inter-species genetic and microenvironmental differences which have resulted in clinical-stage failures. Organoid technology has gained enormous attention as they provide sophisticated insights about tissue architecture and functionality in miniaturized organs. In this review, we describe the use of organoid system to overcome limitations in animal-based investigations, such as physiological mismatch with humans, costly, time-consuming, and low throughput screening. Immune organoids are one of the specific advancements in organogenesis ex vivo, which can reflect human adaptive immunity with more physiologically relevant aspects. We discuss how immune organoids are established from patient-derived lymphoid tissues, as well as their characteristics and functional features to understand immune mechanisms and responses. Also, some bioengineering perspectives are considered for any potential progress of immuno-engineered organoids.
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•This work summarized the development and progress of human immune organoid generation.•Immune organoid is useful as an in vitro modelling of human adaptive immune system.•Immune organoid readouts are necessary to investigate their physiological and morphological properties.•Challenges and bioengineering solutions to improve immune organoid research are discussed comprehensively.
