Journal Article

Understanding the Driving Forces That Trigger Mutations in SARS-CoV-2: Mutational Energetics and the Role of Arginine Blockers in COVID-19 Therapy

Apostolopoulos, Vasso, Gadanec, Laura Kate, Ridgway, Harry, Moore, Graham J., Mavromoustakos, Thomas, Chasapis, Christos T., Zulli, Anthony, Kelaidonis, Konstantinos, Ligielli, Irene, Matsoukas, John M.

2022

Overview

SARS-CoV-2 is a global challenge due to its ability to mutate into variants that spread more rapidly than the wild-type virus. Because the molecular biology of this virus has been studied in such great detail, it represents an archetypal paradigm for research into new antiviral drug therapies. The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population is driven, in part, by mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S-) protein, some of which enable tighter binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2). More stable RBD-ACE2 association is coupled with accelerated hydrolysis of furin and 3CLpro cleavage sites that augment infection. Non-RBD and non-interfacial mutations assist the S-protein in adopting thermodynamically favorable conformations for stronger binding. The driving forces of key mutations for Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Kappa, Lambda and Omicron variants, which stabilize the RBD-ACE2 complex, are investigated by free-energy computational approaches, as well as equilibrium and steered molecular dynamic simulations. Considered also are the structural hydropathy traits of the residues in the interface between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 protein. Salt bridges and π-π interactions are critical forces that create stronger complexes between the RBD and ACE2. The trend of mutations is the replacement of non-polar hydrophobic interactions with polar hydrophilic interactions, which enhance binding of RBD with ACE2. However, this is not always the case, as conformational landscapes also contribute to a stronger binding. Arginine, the most polar and hydrophilic among the natural amino acids, is the most aggressive mutant amino acid for stronger binding. Arginine blockers, such as traditional sartans that bear anionic tetrazoles and carboxylates, may be ideal candidate drugs for retarding viral infection by weakening S-protein RBD binding to ACE2 and discouraging hydrolysis of cleavage sites. Based on our computational results it is suggested that a new generation of “supersartans”, called “bisartans”, bearing two anionic biphenyl-tetrazole pharmacophores, are superior to carboxylates in terms of their interactions with viral targets, suggesting their potential as drugs in the treatment of COVID-19. In Brief: This in silico study reviews our understanding of molecular driving forces that trigger mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It also reports further studies on a new class of “supersartans” referred to herein as “bisartans”, bearing two anionic biphenyltetrazole moieties that show potential in models for blocking critical amino acids of mutants, such as arginine, in the Delta variant. Bisartans may also act at other targets essential for viral infection and replication (i.e., ACE2, furin cleavage site and 3CLpro), rendering them potential new drugs for additional experimentation and translation to human clinical trials.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,MDPI
• Subject: ACE inhibitors / ACE2 / Amino acids / Analysis / Angiotensin / angiotensin type1 receptor / Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 / Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 - genetics / Antiviral agents / Antiviral drugs / Arginine / Arginine - genetics / bisartans / Clinical trials / Computer applications / Coronaviruses / COVID-19 / COVID-19 - drug therapy / Dosage and administration / Drug development / Energy / Free energy / Furin / Furin - genetics / Genetic algorithms / Health aspects / Humans / Hydrolysis / Hydrophobicity / Ligands / Membrane Glycoproteins - metabolism / Microbial mutation / Molecular dynamics / Mutants / Mutation / Optimization / Peptidyl-dipeptidase A / Pharmacophores / Proteins / Receptors, Virus - metabolism / SARS-CoV-2 - genetics / SARS-CoV-2 variants / sartans / Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 / Simulation / Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - genetics / Viral Envelope Proteins - genetics / Viral infections / Viruses