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Ghrelin: An orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach
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Ghrelin: An orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach
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Journal Article
Ghrelin: An orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach
2001
Overview
Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, is synthesized principally in the stomach and is released in response to fasting. Ghrelin is structurally related to motilin and, together, they represent a novel family of gut–brain regulatory peptides. In addition to having a powerful effect on the secretion of growth hormone, ghrelin stimulates energy production and signals directly to the hypothalamic regulatory nuclei that control energy homeostasis. The study of ghrelin has extended our understanding of how growth is controlled, and has shown that the stomach is an important component of this system.
Key Points
The identification of growth hormone secretagogues led to the discovery of a new receptor with homology to the motilin receptor. Subsequent studies led to the identification of its endogenous ligand — ghrelin. Ghrelin can indeed stimulate the release of growth hormone from the pituitary in a way that is independent of the action of growth-hormone-releasing hormone.
In addition to its effect on the release of growth hormone, ghrelin is an important regulator of food intake. It is released from the stomach in response to fasting, and increases feeding behaviour by acting on the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
The action of ghrelin is opposite to that of another important regulator of food intake — leptin. Leptin is released from adipose tissue, and its plasma levels decrease in response to fasting. This molecule also acts on the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, where it has an anorexigenic effect.
The discovery of ghrelin has several clinical implications. It can be used to stimulate the release of growth hormone in cases of human deficiency, by acting on the endogenous oscillators that control pulsatile hormone release. It can also be used for the regulation of body weight by stimulating food intake, particularly in conditions accompanied by cachexia, such as cancer and AIDS.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ Animal Genetics and Genomics
/ Animals
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Energy
/ Energy Metabolism - physiology
/ Gastric Mucosa - innervation
/ Ghrelin
/ Humans
/ Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System - cytology
/ Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System - metabolism
/ Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System - secretion
/ Kinases
/ Ligands
/ Peptide Fragments - metabolism
/ Peptide Fragments - secretion
/ Peptides
/ Receptors, Cell Surface - metabolism
/ Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
/ Stomach
