Journal Article

Polystyrene Microplastics Can Aggravate the Damage of the Intestinal Microenvironment Caused by Okadaic Acid: A Prevalent Algal Toxin

Mo, Ce-Hui, Wang, Xiang, Yang, Wei-Dong, Feng, Nai-Xian, Liu, Yang, Huang, Hong-Jia, Li, Da-Wei, Li, Hong-Ye

2025

Overview

As emerging contaminants, microplastics (MPs) may pose a threat to human health. Their co-exposure with the widespread phycotoxin okadaic acid (OA), a marine toxin known to cause gastrointestinal toxicity, may exacerbate health risk and raise public safety concern. In this study, the toxicity mechanisms of MPs and OA on intestinal microenvironment was explored using human Caco-2 cells as the model, which was combined with an in vitro fecal fermentation experiment. Our results showed that co-exposure to MPs (80 μg/mL) and OA (20 ng/mL) significantly decreased cell viability, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, elevated lactate dehydrogenase release, impaired ABC transporter activity, promoted OA accumulation, and triggered inflammatory response compared to the control, MPs, and OA groups, indicating that co-exposure directly compromises intestinal epithelial integrity. In vitro fermentation experiments revealed that co-exposure disrupted gut microbial composition, decreasing the relative abundance of some bacteria, such as Parasutterella and Adlercreutzia, while increasing opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia-Shigella, increased. These findings provide new insights into the impact and underlying mechanisms of MPs and OA co-exposure on intestinal homeostasis, highlighting the potential health risks associated with MPs.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,MDPI
• Subject: ABC transporter / ABC transporters / Algae / Algal toxins / Caco-2 cell / Caco-2 Cells / Cell Survival - drug effects / Cell viability / Contaminants / Exposure / Fermentation / Fermentation - drug effects / Gastrointestinal Microbiome - drug effects / gut microbiota / Health aspects / Health risks / Homeostasis / Humans / Inflammation / Inflammatory response / intestinal barrier / Intestinal Mucosa - drug effects / Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism / Intestine / L-Lactate dehydrogenase / Lactate / Lactate dehydrogenase / Marine toxins / Marine Toxins - toxicity / Microbiota / Microenvironments / Microorganisms / microplastic / Microplastics / Microplastics - toxicity / Okadaic acid / Okadaic Acid - toxicity / Opportunist infection / Plastic debris / Plastic pollution / Poisoning / Political aspects / Polystyrene / Polystyrene resins / Polystyrenes - toxicity / Public health / Public safety / Reactive oxygen species / Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism / Relative abundance / Shellfish / Toxicity / Toxins