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Pathways and key intermediates required for obligate aerobic ammonia-dependent chemolithotrophy in bacteria and Thaumarchaeota
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Pathways and key intermediates required for obligate aerobic ammonia-dependent chemolithotrophy in bacteria and Thaumarchaeota
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Journal Article
Pathways and key intermediates required for obligate aerobic ammonia-dependent chemolithotrophy in bacteria and Thaumarchaeota
2016
Overview
Chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and Thaumarchaeota are central players in the global nitrogen cycle. Obligate ammonia chemolithotrophy has been characterized for bacteria; however, large gaps remain in the Thaumarchaeotal pathway. Using batch growth experiments and instantaneous microrespirometry measurements of resting biomass, we show that the terrestrial Thaumarchaeon
Nitrososphaera viennensis
EN76
T
exhibits tight control over production and consumption of nitric oxide (NO) during ammonia catabolism, unlike the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium
Nitrosospira multiformis
ATCC 25196
T
. In particular, pulses of hydroxylamine into a microelectrode chamber as the sole substrate for
N. viennensis
resulted in iterative production and consumption of NO followed by conversion of hydroxylamine to nitrite. In support of these observations, oxidation of ammonia in growing cultures of
N. viennensis
, but not of
N. multiformis
, was inhibited by the NO-scavenger PTIO. When based on the marginal nitrous oxide (N
2
O) levels detected in cell-free media controls, the higher levels produced by
N. multiformis
were explained by enzyme activity, whereas N
2
O in
N. viennensis
cultures was attributed to abiotic reactions of released N-oxide intermediates with media components. Our results are conceptualized in a pathway for ammonia-dependent chemolithotrophy in Thaumarchaea, which identifies NO as an essential intermediate in the pathway and implements known biochemistry to be executed by a proposed but still elusive copper enzyme. Taken together, this work identifies differences in ammonia-dependent chemolithotrophy between bacteria and the Thaumarchaeota, advances a central catabolic role of NO only in the Thaumarchaeotal pathway and reveals stark differences in how the two microbial cohorts contribute to N
2
O emissions.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Oxford University Press,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
