Journal Article

Spatial accessibility of substance use disorder treatment programs, compared with other health care facilities, in New York State, 2024

Bachhuber, Marcus A., Cunningham, Chinazo O., Jordan, Ashly E., Lincourt, Pat

2025

Overview

Background Spatial accessibility of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is a crucial component of access and a comprehensive analysis can help to identify if and where a lack of spatial accessibility is a barrier to treatment. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of spatial accessibility of SUD treatment (outpatient, opioid treatment program, and residential) in New York State (NYS). We estimated two measures of spatial accessibility: one-way travel time (i.e., drive time for NYS outside of New York City [NYC] and public transit time for NYC) and robustness (i.e., the difference in travel time between the closest and fifth closest facility). Comparison facilities included Federally Qualified Health Centers, dialysis facilities, and hospitals. We compared travel time and robustness by urbanicity (NYC, urban non-NYC, rural) and NYS economic development region using population-weighted paired t-tests. Results The percentage of NYS residents within 30 min travel time was 97.2% for outpatient SUD treatment programs and 82.3% for opioid treatment programs. Mean statewide travel time to outpatient SUD treatment programs was comparable to travel time to Federally Qualified Health Centers (difference: 1.0 min [95%CI 0.9 to 1.1; P  < 0.001]) and dialysis facilities (difference: 0.1 min [95%CI 0.03 to 0.2; P  = 0.01]), and significantly shorter than to hospitals (difference: 5.6 min [95%CI 5.4 to 5.7; P  < 0.001]). Travel time to opioid treatment programs was significantly longer than to Federally Qualified Health Centers (difference: -7.4 min [95%CI − 7.6 to − 7.2; P  < 0.001]), dialysis facilities (difference: -8.2 min [95%CI − 8.4 to − 8.1; P  < 0.001]), and hospitals (difference: − 2.8 min [95%CI − 3.0 to − 2.6; P  < 0.001]). Compared with NYC, mean travel time to each type of SUD treatment program was significantly shorter in urban non-NYC areas and longer in rural areas. For robustness, compared with NYC, there was no significant difference in urban non-NYC areas for outpatient and residential SUD treatment programs, but more limited robustness for opioid treatment programs in urban non-NYC areas and all types of SUD treatment programs in rural areas. Conclusion We identified widespread spatial accessibility of SUD treatment facilities across NYS. Recent opportunities such as revised federal regulations on opioid treatment program mobile medication units, increased flexibility in using telehealth in opioid treatment programs and other settings, and opioid settlement funding can be leveraged to increase access in rural areas.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Access / Care and treatment / Censuses / Cross-Sectional Studies / Dialysis / Drug overdose / Drug use / Drugs / Economic development / Health / Health facilities / Health Facilities - statistics & numerical data / Health Psychology / Health services / Health Services Accessibility - statistics & numerical data / Hemodialysis / Hospitals / Humans / Medical technology / Medical treatment / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Narcotics / New York / Opioid treatment programs / Opioid-Related Disorders - therapy / Opioids / Outpatient treatment / Pharmacology/Toxicology / Psychopharmacology / Public Health / Public transportation / Regulation / Residential treatment / Robustness / Rural areas / Rural communities / Rural development / Rural Population - statistics & numerical data / Rural urban differences / Social Work / Spatial accessibility / Substance abuse / Substance abuse treatment / Substance Abuse Treatment Centers - statistics & numerical data / Substance use disorder / Substance-Related Disorders - therapy / Telecommunications / Telemedicine / Time / Travel / Travel - statistics & numerical data / Treatment programs