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Growth hormone, the insulin-like growth factor axis, insulin and cancer risk
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Journal Article
Growth hormone, the insulin-like growth factor axis, insulin and cancer risk
2011
Overview
Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I and insulin have potent growth-promoting and anabolic actions. Their potential involvement in tumor promotion and progression has been of concern for several decades. In this Review Peter Clayton and colleagues examine the complex evidence regarding growth hormone, the insulin-like growth factor axis, insulin and cancer risk.
Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and insulin have potent growth-promoting and anabolic actions. Their potential involvement in tumor promotion and progression has been of concern for several decades. The evidence that GH, IGF-I and insulin can promote and contribute to cancer progression comes from various sources, including transgenic and knockout mouse models and animal and human cell lines derived from cancers. Assessments of the GH–IGF axis in healthy individuals followed up to assess cancer incidence provide direct evidence of this risk; raised IGF-I levels in blood are associated with a slightly increased risk of some cancers. Studies of human diseases characterized by excess growth factor secretion or treated with growth factors have produced reassuring data, with no notable increases in
de novo
cancers in children treated with GH. Although follow-up for the vast majority of these children does not yet extend beyond young adulthood, a slight increase in cancers in those with long-standing excess GH secretion (as seen in patients with acromegaly) and no overall increase in cancer with insulin treatment, have been observed. Nevertheless, long-term surveillance for cancer incidence in all populations exposed to increased levels of GH is vitally important.
Key Points
Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin have the potential to promote tumor growth and progression
Cumulative evidence from epidemiological studies supports an association between raised circulating levels of IGF-I and a slightly increased risk of certain cancers
Acromegaly, a disorder characterized by long-standing excess GH secretion, is associated with a small increased risk of colorectal and thyroid cancers
In follow-up studies through childhood, cancer risk is not raised by therapeutic use of GH, with the exception of a small increase in second cancers in childhood cancer survivors
Conditions characterized by hyperinsulinemia, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, are associated with increased risk of several cancer types
Overall, cancer risk is not increased by the therapeutic use of insulin and/or insulin analogs in patients with diabetes mellitus, but the evidence is complex
