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Outer-membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria: biogenesis and functions
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Journal Article
Outer-membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria: biogenesis and functions
2015
Overview
Key Points
Vesicles derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, or outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs), are heterogeneous in size and composition, encapsulate soluble periplasmic content and are ubiquitously produced. The difficulty in finding a single molecular or genetic basis for OMV production is probably due to species-dependent differences in envelope architecture, environmental influences on envelope composition and redundancy of OMV-producing pathways.
Mutations that subtly affect envelope crosslinking affect OMV production, whereas bacterial mutants that are unable to crosslink the envelope are typically unstable and form lysis products instead of OMVs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) subtypes also affect the levels of OMV production, as well as OMV cargo recruitment.
OMV cargo may be enriched or excluded compared with its abundance in the bacterial envelope, suggesting that cargo recruitment is a regulated rather than stochastic process. Well-characterized cargoes include virulence factors, antibiotic-degrading enzymes, surface adherence factors, proteases and enzymes that are important for nutrient acquisition.
OMVs can serve in bacterial communities as 'public goods' by distributing enzymes that break down extracellular material into nutrients, by recruiting iron, by acting as decoys for bacteriophages or antibiotics and by transferring DNA between cells.
The versatile characteristics of OMVs and their immunomodulatory properties can be exploited for bioengineering applications and vaccine development.
In this Review, Schwechheimer and Kuehn describe recent developments in elucidating the mechanisms of biogenesis and cargo selection of the outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria. They also discuss the functions of OMVs in bacterial physiology and during pathogenesis.
Outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical buds of the outer membrane filled with periplasmic content and are commonly produced by Gram-negative bacteria. The production of OMVs allows bacteria to interact with their environment, and OMVs have been found to mediate diverse functions, including promoting pathogenesis, enabling bacterial survival during stress conditions and regulating microbial interactions within bacterial communities. Additionally, because of this functional versatility, researchers have begun to explore OMVs as a platform for bioengineering applications. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the study of OMVs, focusing on new insights into the mechanisms of biogenesis and the functions of these vesicles.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
