Journal Article

Health conspiracy theories: a scoping review of drivers, impacts, and countermeasures

Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer

2025

Overview

Background Health-related conspiracy theories undermine trust in healthcare, exacerbate health inequities, and contribute to harmful health behaviors such as vaccine hesitancy and reliance on unproven treatments. These theories disproportionately impact marginalized populations, further widening health disparities. Their rapid spread, amplified by social media algorithms and digital misinformation networks, exacerbates public health challenges, highlighting the urgency of understanding their prevalence, key drivers, and mitigation strategies. Methods This scoping review synthesizes research on health-related conspiracy theories, focusing on their prevalence, impacts on health behaviors and outcomes, contributing factors, and counter-measures. Using Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, a systematic search of six databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus) was conducted. Studies were screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with thematic synthesis categorizing findings across diverse health contexts. Results The review revealed pervasive conspiracy beliefs surrounding HIV/AIDS, vaccines, pharmaceutical companies, and COVID-19, linked to reduced vaccine uptake, increased mistrust in health authorities, and negative mental health outcomes such as anxiety and depression. Key drivers included sociopolitical distrust, cognitive biases, low scientific literacy, and the unchecked proliferation of misinformation on digital platforms. Promising countermeasures included inoculation messaging, media literacy interventions, and two-sided refutational techniques. However, their long-term effectiveness remains uncertain, as few studies assess their sustained impact across diverse sociopolitical contexts. Conclusion Health-related conspiracy theories present a growing public health challenge that undermines global health equity. While several interventions show potential, further research is needed to evaluate their effectiveness across diverse populations and contexts. Targeted efforts to rebuild trust in healthcare systems and strengthen critical health literacy are essential to mitigate the harmful effects of these conspiracy beliefs.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome / AIDS / Algorithms / Analysis / Biomedical research / Conspiracy / Conspiracy theories / COVID-19 / COVID-19 vaccines / Disease transmission / Effectiveness / Equality and Human Rights / Evidence-based medicine / False information / Global health / Health aspects / Health Behavior / Health care / Health conspiracy theories / Health disparities / Health equity / Health literacy / Health Policy / Health Promotion and Disease Prevention / Health Services Research / HIV / Human immunodeficiency virus / Humans / Immunization / Inoculation / Literacy / Marginalized groups / Media literacy / Medical personnel / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Mental depression / Methods / Misinformation mitigation / Narratives / Online health care information services / Pandemics / Pharmaceutical industry / Populations / Public Health / Review / Search strategies / Social Justice / Social media / Social networks / Social Policy / Trust / Trust - psychology / Trust in healthcare / Vaccination Hesitancy - psychology / Vaccine hesitancy / Vaccines / World health