Journal Article

Bacterial silver resistance: molecular biology and uses and misuses of silver compounds

Silver, Simon

2003

Overview

Resistance to silver compounds as determined by bacterial plasmids and genes has been defined by molecular genetics. Silver resistance conferred by the Salmonella plasmid pMGH100 involves nine genes in three transcription units. A sensor/responder (SilRS) two-component transcriptional regulatory system governs synthesis of a periplasmic Ag(I)-binding protein (SilE) and two efflux pumps (a P-type ATPase (SilP) plus a three-protein chemiosmotic RND Ag(I)/H + exchange system (SilCBA)). The same genes were identified on five of 19 additional IncH incompatibility class plasmids but thus far not on other plasmids. Of 70 random enteric isolates from a local hospital, isolates from catheters and other Ag-exposed sites, and total genomes of enteric bacteria, 10 have recognizable sil genes. The centrally located six genes are found and functional in the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12, and also occur on the genome of E. coli O157:H7. The use of molecular epidemiological tools will establish the range and diversity of such resistance systems in clinical and non-clinical sources. Silver compounds are used widely as effective antimicrobial agents to combat pathogens (bacteria, viruses and eukaryotic microorganisms) in the clinic and for public health hygiene. Silver cations (Ag +) are microcidal at low concentrations and used to treat burns, wounds and ulcers. Ag is used to coat catheters to retard microbial biofilm development. Ag is used in hygiene products including face creams, ‘alternative medicine’ health supplements, supermarket products for washing vegetables, and water filtration cartridges. Ag is generally without adverse effects for humans, and argyria (irreversible discoloration of the skin resulting from subepithelial silver deposits) is rare and mostly of cosmetic concern.

• Publisher: Elsevier B.V,Blackwell Publishing Ltd,Oxford University Press
• Subject: Adenosine triphosphatase / Alternative medicine / Antibiotics / Antiinfectives and antibacterials / Antimicrobial agents / Argyria / Bacteria / Biofilms / Burn infection / Cartridges / Catheters / Cations / Chromosomes / Discoloration / Drug Resistance, Bacterial - genetics / E coli / Efflux / Epidemiology / Escherichia coli - genetics / Escherichia coli - metabolism / Genes / Genes, Bacterial - genetics / Genetics / Genomes / Hygiene / Incompatibility / Low concentrations / Microorganisms / Models, Biological / Models, Genetic / Molecular biology / Plasmid resistance / Plasmids / Plasmids - genetics / Proteins / Public health / Salmonella / Salmonella - genetics / Salmonella - metabolism / Sequence Analysis, DNA / sil gene / Silver / Silver - adverse effects / Silver - metabolism / Silver - pharmacology / Silver - therapeutic use / Silver compounds / Silver Compounds - metabolism / Silver resistance / Silver sulfadiazine / Silver Sulfadiazine - pharmacology / Silver-binding protein / Transcription / Ulcers / Water filtration / Water purification