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Lipoprotein(a) in Atherosclerotic Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment

by Kalpis, Athanasios , Paschou, Stavroula A. , Siasos, Gerasimos , Tousoulis, Dimitris , Kalogeras, Konstantinos , Pantelidis, Panteleimon , Tsigkou, Vasiliki , Theofilis, Panagiotis , Sarantos, Savvas , Lampsas, Stamatios , Oikonomou, Evangelos , Lysandrou, Antonios , Vavuranakis, Manolis , Xenou, Maria , Goliopoulou, Athina

in Apolipoproteins / Atherosclerosis / Atherosclerosis - diagnosis / Atherosclerosis - drug therapy / Atherosclerosis - genetics / atherosclerotic disease / Biosynthesis / cardiovascular disease / Cardiovascular Diseases - drug therapy / Care and treatment / Cholesterol / Diagnosis / Disease / genetic variations / Glycoproteins / Health aspects / High density lipoprotein / Humans / Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - therapeutic use / Inflammation / Inflammation - complications / Inflammation - diagnosis / Inflammation - drug therapy / Lipoprotein A / Lipoprotein(a) - genetics / Lipoprotein(a) - metabolism / Lipoproteins / Lp(a) / Plasma / Proteins / Review / Risk Factors / thrombosis

2023

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Lipoprotein(a) in Atherosclerotic Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment

2023

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2023

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Journal Article

Lipoprotein(a) in Atherosclerotic Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment

Kalpis, Athanasios,

Paschou, Stavroula A.,

Siasos, Gerasimos,

Tousoulis, Dimitris,

Kalogeras, Konstantinos,

Pantelidis, Panteleimon,

Tsigkou, Vasiliki,

Theofilis, Panagiotis,

Sarantos, Savvas,

Lampsas, Stamatios,

Oikonomou, Evangelos,

Lysandrou, Antonios,

Vavuranakis, Manolis,

Xenou, Maria,

Goliopoulou, Athina

2023

Overview

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol-like particle bound to apolipoprotein(a). Increased Lp(a) levels are an independent, heritable causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) as they are largely determined by variations in the Lp(a) gene (LPA) locus encoding apo(a). Lp(a) is the preferential lipoprotein carrier for oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), and its role adversely affects vascular inflammation, atherosclerotic lesions, endothelial function and thrombogenicity, which pathophysiologically leads to cardiovascular (CV) events. Despite this crucial role of Lp(a), its measurement lacks a globally unified method, and, between different laboratories, results need standardization. Standard antilipidemic therapies, such as statins, fibrates and ezetimibe, have a mediocre effect on Lp(a) levels, although it is not yet clear whether such treatments can affect CV events and prognosis. This narrative review aims to summarize knowledge regarding the mechanisms mediating the effect of Lp(a) on inflammation, atherosclerosis and thrombosis and discuss current diagnostic and therapeutic potentials.

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Publisher

MDPI AG,MDPI

Subject

Apolipoproteins

/ Atherosclerosis

/ Atherosclerosis - diagnosis

/ Atherosclerosis - drug therapy

/ Atherosclerosis - genetics

/ atherosclerotic disease

/ Biosynthesis