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HIV-1 capsid: the multifaceted key player in HIV-1 infection
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HIV-1 capsid: the multifaceted key player in HIV-1 infection
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Journal Article
HIV-1 capsid: the multifaceted key player in HIV-1 infection
2015
Overview
Key Points
In a mature, infectious HIV-1 virion, the viral genome is housed within a conical capsid core made up of the viral capsid (CA) protein. During infection, the CA protein interacts with several cellular factors to enable efficient HIV-1 genome replication, timely core disassembly, nuclear import and the integration of the viral genome into the genome of the target cell.
Several models of capsid core uncoating have been proposed, including immediate uncoating, cytoplasmic uncoating and uncoating at nuclear pores. The first model suggests that the HIV-1 capsid core dissociates almost immediately on viral entry; the second is a model of gradual uncoating as the virus travels through the cytoplasm until it reaches the nucleus; and the final model suggests that an intact capsid core reaches the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). These models may not be mutually exclusive and could depend on the type of cell infected and its status of activation.
Both viral and cellular factors are important for regulating viral uncoating. For example, the activity of viral integrase has been shown to affect the stability of the viral capsid core. The stability of the capsid core is also influenced by interactions between CA and the host protein cyclophilin A and microtubule motor proteins, such as dynein and kinesin-1.
The viral capsid also influences nuclear import via interactions with host proteins, such as cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 6 (CPSF6), transportin 3 (TNPO3) and proteins that are part of NPCs.
Understanding the viral uncoating process and the role of CA during infection will enable the design of new therapeutic strategies against HIV-1, including the development of compounds that affect the stability of the capsid core.
In this Review, Campbell and Hope describe the interactions between the HIV-1 capsid core and several cellular factors that enable efficient HIV-1 genome replication, timely core disassembly, nuclear import and viral integration into the genome of the target cell.
In a mature, infectious HIV-1 virion, the viral genome is housed within a conical capsid core made from the viral capsid (CA) protein. The CA protein and the structure into which it assembles facilitate virtually every step of infection through a series of interactions with multiple host cell factors. This Review describes our understanding of the interactions between the viral capsid core and several cellular factors that enable efficient HIV-1 genome replication, timely core disassembly, nuclear import and the integration of the viral genome into the genome of the target cell. We then discuss how elucidating these interactions can reveal new targets for therapeutic interactions against HIV-1.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
