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Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing controls cathepsin S expression in atherosclerosis by enabling HuR-mediated post-transcriptional regulation
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Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing controls cathepsin S expression in atherosclerosis by enabling HuR-mediated post-transcriptional regulation
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Journal Article
Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing controls cathepsin S expression in atherosclerosis by enabling HuR-mediated post-transcriptional regulation
2016
Overview
RNA editing by the adenosine deaminase ADAR1 controls cathepsin S expression in endothelial cells, a mechanism that is implicated in determining cathepsin S levels in patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, which is catalyzed by a family of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes, is important in the epitranscriptomic regulation of RNA metabolism. However, the role of A-to-I RNA editing in vascular disease is unknown. Here we show that cathepsin S mRNA (
CTSS
), which encodes a cysteine protease associated with angiogenesis and atherosclerosis, is highly edited in human endothelial cells. The 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of the
CTSS
transcript contains two inverted repeats, the AluJo and AluSx
+
regions, which form a long stem–loop structure that is recognized by ADAR1 as a substrate for editing. RNA editing enables the recruitment of the stabilizing RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR; encoded by
ELAVL1
) to the 3′ UTR of the
CTSS
transcript, thereby controlling
CTSS
mRNA stability and expression. In endothelial cells, ADAR1 overexpression or treatment of cells with hypoxia or with the inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ and tumor-necrosis-factor-α induces
CTSS
RNA editing and consequently increases cathepsin S expression. ADAR1 levels and the extent of
CTSS
RNA editing are associated with changes in cathepsin S levels in patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases, including subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysms and advanced carotid atherosclerotic disease. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of RNA editing in gene expression in human atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group US,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
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/ Adenosine Deaminase - genetics
/ Adult
/ Aged
/ Carotid Artery Diseases - genetics
/ Control
/ Coronary Artery Disease - genetics
/ Editing
/ ELAV-Like Protein 1 - genetics
/ Female
/ Fluorescent Antibody Technique
/ High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
/ Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
/ Humans
/ Hypoxia
/ Interferon-gamma - pharmacology
/ Male
/ Proteins
/ Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
/ RNA
/ RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional - drug effects
/ RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional - genetics
/ RNA-Binding Proteins - genetics
