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Genomic characterisation of the effector complement of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida
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Genomic characterisation of the effector complement of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida
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Genomic characterisation of the effector complement of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida
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Journal Article
Genomic characterisation of the effector complement of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida
2014
Overview
Background
The potato cyst nematode
Globodera pallida
has biotrophic interactions with its host. The nematode induces a feeding structure – the syncytium – which it keeps alive for the duration of the life cycle and on which it depends for all nutrients required to develop to the adult stage. Interactions of
G. pallida
with the host are mediated by effectors, which are produced in two sets of gland cells. These effectors suppress host defences, facilitate migration and induce the formation of the syncytium.
Results
The recent completion of the
G. pallida
genome sequence has allowed us to identify the effector complement from this species. We identify 128 orthologues of effectors from other nematodes as well as 117 novel effector candidates. We have used
in situ
hybridisation to confirm gland cell expression of a subset of these effectors, demonstrating the validity of our effector identification approach. We have examined the expression profiles of all effector candidates using RNAseq; this analysis shows that the majority of effectors fall into one of three clusters of sequences showing conserved expression characteristics (invasive stage nematode only, parasitic stage only or invasive stage and adult male only). We demonstrate that further diversity in the effector pool is generated by alternative splicing. In addition, we show that effectors target a diverse range of structures in plant cells, including the peroxisome. This is the first identification of effectors from any plant pathogen that target this structure.
Conclusion
This is the first genome scale search for effectors, combined to a life-cycle expression analysis, for any plant-parasitic nematode. We show that, like other phylogenetically unrelated plant pathogens, plant parasitic nematodes deploy hundreds of effectors in order to parasitise plants, with different effectors required for different phases of the infection process.
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V
Subject
/ Animal Genetics and Genomics
/ Animals
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Cloning
/ Cysts
/ Enzymes
/ Female
/ Genomes
/ Genomics
/ Helminth Proteins - genetics
/ Helminth Proteins - metabolism
/ Intracellular Space - parasitology
/ Life Cycle Stages - genetics
/ Male
/ Microbial Genetics and Genomics
/ Multicellular invertebrate genomics
/ Nematoda
/ Plant Diseases - parasitology
/ Potatoes
/ protein
/ Proteins
/ sequence
/ Solanum tuberosum - cytology
/ Solanum tuberosum - parasitology
