Journal Article

The role of advanced glycation end products in various types of neurodegenerative disease: a therapeutic approach

Rabbani, Gulam, Khan, Rizwan Hasan, Salahuddin, Parveen

2014

Overview

Protein glycation is initiated by a nucleophilic addition reaction between the free amino group from a protein, lipid or nucleic acid and the carbonyl group of a reducing sugar. This reaction forms a reversible Schiff base, which rearranges over a period of days to produce ketoamine or Amadori products. The Amadori products undergo dehydration and rearrangements and develop a cross-link between adjacent proteins, giving rise to protein aggregation or advanced glycation end products (AGEs). A number of studies have shown that glycation induces the formation of the β-sheet structure in β-amyloid protein, α-synuclein, transthyretin (TTR), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu, Zn-SOD-1), and prion protein. Aggregation of the β-sheet structure in each case creates fibrillar structures, respectively causing Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, and prion disease. It has been suggested that oligomeric species of glycated α-synuclein and prion are more toxic than fibrils. This review focuses on the pathway of AGE formation, the synthesis of different types of AGE, and the molecular mechanisms by which glycation causes various types of neurodegenerative disease. It discusses several new therapeutic approaches that have been applied to treat these devastating disorders, including the use of various synthetic and naturally occurring inhibitors. Modulation of the AGE-RAGE axis is now considered promising in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the review covers several defense enzymes and proteins in the human body that are important anti-glycating systems acting to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

• Publisher: Versita,Springer Nature B.V
• Subject: Advanced glycation end products / AGE inhibitors / Aggregation / Alzheimer Disease - drug therapy / Alzheimer Disease - metabolism / Animals / Biochemistry / Biological and Medical Physics / Biological Products - therapeutic use / Biomedical and Life Sciences / Biophysics / Biotechnology / Cell Biology / Glycation End Products, Advanced - antagonists & inhibitors / Glycation End Products, Advanced - chemistry / Glycation End Products, Advanced - metabolism / Glycation in Alzheimer’s disease / Glycation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / Glycation in familial amyloid polyneuropathy / Glycation in Parkinson’s disease / Glycation in prion diseases / Glycosylation - drug effects / Glyoxylases / Humans / Life Sciences / Molecular Medicine / Neurodegenerative Diseases - drug therapy / Neurodegenerative Diseases - metabolism / Neuroprotective Agents - therapeutic use / Parkinson Disease - drug therapy / Parkinson Disease - metabolism / Review