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A geological perspective on the degradation and conservation of western Atlantic coral reefs
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A geological perspective on the degradation and conservation of western Atlantic coral reefs
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A geological perspective on the degradation and conservation of western Atlantic coral reefs
A geological perspective on the degradation and conservation of western Atlantic coral reefs
Journal Article

A geological perspective on the degradation and conservation of western Atlantic coral reefs

2016
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Overview
Continuing coral-reef degradation in the western Atlantic is resulting in loss of ecological and geologic functions of reefs. With the goal of assisting resource managers and stewards of reefs in setting and measuring progress toward realistic goals for coral-reef conservation and restoration, we examined reef degradation in this region from a geological perspective. The importance of ecosystem services provided by coral reefs—as breakwaters that dissipate wave energy and protect shorelines and as providers of habitat for innumerable species—cannot be overstated. However, the few coral species responsible for reef building in the western Atlantic during the last approximately 1.5 million years are not thriving in the 21st century. These species are highly sensitive to abrupt temperature extremes, prone to disease infection, and have low sexual reproductive potential. Their vulnerability and the low functional redundancy of branching corals have led to the low resilience of western Atlantic reef ecosystems. The decrease in live coral cover over the last 50 years highlights the need for study of relict (senescent) reefs, which, from the perspective of coastline protection and habitat structure, may be just as important to conserve as the living coral veneer. Research is needed to characterize the geological processes of bioerosion, reef cementation, and sediment transport as they relate to modern-day changes in reef elevation. For example, although parrotfish remove nuisance macroalgae, possibly promoting coral recruitment, they will not save Atlantic reefs from geological degradation. In fact, these fish are quickly nibbling away significant quantities of Holocene reef framework. The question of how different biota covering dead reefs affect framework resistance to biological and physical erosion needs to be addressed. Monitoring and managing reefs with respect to physical resilience, in addition to ecological resilience, could optimize the expenditure of resources in conserving Atlantic reefs and the services they provide. La degradación continua de los arrecifes de coral en el Atlántico oeste está resultando en la pérdida de las funciones ecológicas y geológicas de los arrecifes. Con el objetivo de asistir a los administradores de los recursos y de los arrecifes en el establecimiento y medida del progreso hacia metas realistas para la conservación y restauración de los arrecifes de coral, examinamos la degradación de los arrecifes en esta región desde una perspectiva geológica. La importancia de los servicios ambientales proporcionados por los arrecifes de coral - como rompeolas que disipan la fuerza de las olas y protegen las líneas de costa y como proveedores de hábitat para innumerables especies - no puede ser exagerada. Sin embargo, las pocas especies de coral responsables de la construcción de arrecifes en el Atlántico oeste durante aproximadamente los últimos 1.5 millones de años no están prosperando en el siglo XXI. Estas especies son altamente sensibles a los extremos abruptos de temperatura, propensas a las enfermedades infecciosas y tienen un potencial bajo de reproducción sexual. Su vulnerabilidad y la baja redundancia funcional de los corales que forman ramas han llevado a la baja resiliencia de los ecosistemas arrecifales del Atlántico oeste. La disminución en la cobertura de coral vivo en los últimos 50 años resalta la necesidad de estudios sobre los arrecifes relictos (senescentes), los cuales desde la perspectiva de la protección de la línea costera y la estructura del hábitat, pueden ser igual de importantes de conservar que la capa de corales vivientes. Se necesitan investigaciones para caracterizar los procesos geológicos de bioerosión, cementación de arrecifes y transporte de sedimentos conforme se relacionan a los cambios contemporáneos en la elevación de los arrecifes. Por ejemplo, aunque el pez loro (familia Scaridae) remueva macroalgas pesadas, lo que posiblemente promueva el reclutamiento de coral, no va a salvar a los arrecifes del Atlántico de la degradación geológica. De hecho, estos peces están mordisqueando rápidamente cantidades significativas de marco de trabajo sobre arrecifes del Holoceno. La pregunta de cómo la biota diferente que cubre los arrecifes muertos afecta al marco de trabajo sobre resistencia a la erosión física y biológica necesita ser atendida. El monitoreo y el manejo de los arrecifes con respecto a la resiliencia física, además de la resiliencia ecológica, podrían optimizar el gasto de los recursos para la conservación de los arrecifes del Atlántico y los servicios que proporcionan.