Journal Article

Trends and patterns of global health risk factors (2015–2019): a composite index approach across 100 countries stratified by human development index groups

Kiran, Tanvi, Gupta, Madhu, Junaid, KP, Siwatch, Sujata, Kishore, Kamal

2025

Overview

Background Global health risk factors contribute significantly to mortality and morbidity worldwide, with diverse impacts across socio-economic groups. This study developed a composite index for health risk factors and subdomains, including nutrition, environmental risks, and non-communicable diseases, across 100 countries stratified by human development index (HDI) from 2015 to 2019. The index tracks disparities, trends, and associations with human development, aiding in resource allocation and informed policy-making for reducing health risks and improving global health outcomes. Methods A panel dataset comprising 100 countries, categorized into four HDI groups, was analyzed for the period 2015 to 2019. Health indicators were selected to construct a Health Risk Factors Index based on the World Health Organization’s Global Reference List 2018. The development of the composite index and its sub-domains followed the United Nations Development Programme’s methodology for data normalization, utilized Principal Component Analysis to determine weights, and employed the inverse normalized Euclidean distance formula for aggregation. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to examine the relationships between the composite Health Risk Factors Index, its sub-indices, and the HDI. Results The study revealed that very high HDI countries excelled in the Health Risk Factors Index and sub-indices for nutrition and environmental risks, indicating lower health risks. While low and medium HDI groups performed better in the non-communicable diseases index. Singapore achieved the highest health risk factors index scores in 2015 and 2019. A strong positive correlation was observed between HDI with composite and sub-indices of health risk factors and a negative correlation with sub-index of noncommunicable disease during 2015–2019. Conclusion The study highlights significant disparities in health risk factors across HDI groups, underscoring the need for tailored interventions. In general, very high and high HDI countries require focused efforts on noncommunicable disease-related health risk factors, while low and medium HDI countries should prioritize nutrition and environmental risks. Composite indices like the health risk factor index facilitate benchmarking and policy development, promoting accountability and targeted strategies for global health improvement.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Accountability / Alcohol use / Blood pressure / Clinical Nutrition / Cognitive development / Communicable diseases / Composite index / Correlation / Developing countries / Developing Countries - statistics & numerical data / Development policy / Development programs / Disease / Disease prevention / Economic factors / Environmental risk / Environmental risk factors / Epidemiology / Euclidean geometry / Global health / Global Health - statistics & numerical data / Global health risk factors / GNI / Gross National Income / Groups / Health aspects / Health disparities / Health indicators / Health planning / Health promotion / Health Promotion and Disease Prevention / Health risk assessment / Health risks / Health status / Health Status Disparities / Health Status Indicators / Human Development / Human Development Index / Human growth / Humans / Hypertension / Indexes / Industrialized nations / Infectious Diseases / LDCs / Life expectancy / Maternal and Child Health / Medical research / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Medicine, Experimental / Morbidity / Mortality / Non-communicable diseases / Noncommunicable Diseases - epidemiology / Normalization / Nutrition / Obesity / Outdoor air quality / Overweight / Panel data / Policy making / Principal components analysis / Public Health / Resource allocation / Risk Factors / Sanitation / Singapore / Socioeconomic Factors / Stock price indexes / Sustainable development / Tobacco / Trends / World health