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Journal Article
Exhaled particles and small airways
2019
Overview
Background
Originally, studies on exhaled droplets explored properties of airborne transmission of infectious diseases. More recently, the interest focuses on properties of exhaled droplets as biomarkers, enabled by the development of technical equipment and methods for chemical analysis. Because exhaled droplets contain nonvolatile substances, particles is the physical designation. This review aims to outline the development in the area of exhaled particles, particularly regarding biomarkers and the connection with small airways, i e airways with an internal diameter < 2 mm.
Main body
Generation mechanisms, sites of origin, number concentrations of exhaled particles and the content of nonvolatile substances are studied. Exhaled particles range in diameter from 0.01 and 1000 μm depending on generation mechanism and site of origin. Airway reopening is one scientifically substantiated particle generation mechanism. During deep expirations, small airways close and the reopening process produces minute particles. When exhaled, these particles have a diameter of < 4 μm. A size discriminating sampling of particles < 4 μm and determination of the size distribution, allows exhaled particle mass to be estimated. The median mass is represented by particles in the size range of 0.7 to 1.0 μm. Half an hour of repeated deep expirations result in samples in the order of nanogram to microgram. The source of these samples is the respiratory tract ling fluid of small airways and consists of lipids and proteins, similarly to surfactant. Early clinical studies of e g chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, reported altered particle formation and particle composition.
Conclusion
The physical properties and content of exhaled particles generated by the airway reopening mechanism offers an exciting noninvasive way to obtain samples from the respiratory tract lining fluid of small airways. The biomarker potential is only at the beginning to be explored.
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Nature Publishing Group,BMC
Subject
/ Airway
/ Airway Remodeling - physiology
/ Albumin
/ Animals
/ Asthma
/ Chronic obstructive lung disease
/ Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
/ closure
/ Disease
/ DPPC
/ Droplets
/ Humans
/ journal of applied physiology
/ licemi.j
/ Lipids
/ Medicine
/ p749
/ Pneumology/Respiratory System
/ POPC
/ Proteins
/ Pulmonary Surfactants - metabolism
/ Pulmonary Surfactants - therapeutic use
/ Respiration Disorders - diagnosis
/ Respiration Disorders - drug therapy
/ Respiration Disorders - metabolism
/ Respiratory Medicine and Allergy
/ Review
/ site
/ size
/ SP-A
/ Surface-Active Agents - metabolism
/ Surface-Active Agents - therapeutic use
/ v21
