Journal Article

Distribution and association of depression with tobacco consumption among middle-aged and elderly Indian population: nested multilevel modelling analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional survey

Kiran, Tanvi, Behera, Ashish, Mehra, Aseem, Goel, Kapil, Halder, Pritam, Sharma, Divya

2025

Overview

Background Research on the distribution and association of depression with tobacco consumption among young population is commonly prioritised in India, while studies on tobacco use among middle-aged (45–59 years) and elderly (≥ 60 years) adults are noticeably lacking. Thus, we conducted this study with the objectives of estimating the prevalence, distribution and determining the association of depression and tobacco consumption among middle-aged and elderly Indian population; overall and stratified into age group, gender, and geographical location. Methods Using dataset from Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), a bivariate analysis was conducted among middle-aged (45–59 years) and elderly (≥ 60 years) Indians to estimate the prevalence of depression and tobacco consumption. States and Union Territories were categorised as low, medium, and high as per prevalence of depression and tobacco consumption, and spatial distribution maps were created. To reduce the confounding effects of demographic & socioeconomic and health-related & behavioural covariates; propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted. Nested multilevel regression modelling was employed to explore the association between depression (outcome variable) and tobacco consumption (explanatory variable) using STATA version 17. The p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Overall, 36.78% (36.03–37.55%) participants documented using any form of tobacco; with higher consumption of smokeless tobacco (SLT) (19.88%) than smoking (SM) (13.92%). The overall prevalence of depression was 7.62% irrespective of tobacco consumption, and 8.51% among participants consuming any form of tobacco. Mizoram had the highest consumption of tobacco in any form (78.21%), whereas Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest (14.62%) depression prevalence. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Uttarakhand had both high prevalence of depression and any form of tobacco consumption. The average estimated treatment effect (ATE) indicated a positive association both between depression and any form of tobacco consumption ( p value = 0.001) and with smokeless tobacco ( p value = 0.001) consumption. Participants ever consuming any form of tobacco had 28% higher odds (aOR-1.28 (1.18–1.38). The odds of having depression were higher among females (aOR = 1.28 (1.17–1.41); richest (aOR-1.48 (1.32–1.65); living alone (aOR = 1.14 (1.01–1.33). Participants with comorbidity (aOR = 1.20 (1.10–1.30) and multimorbidity (aOR = 1.24 (1.13–1.36)) had higher odds of depression. Conclusion The study has established significant positive association between depression and tobacco consumption stratified into gender and age group. Prioritisation of mental health disorders like depression and tobacco prevention and cessation programmes must be implemented with focusing on females and the middle-aged population with community awareness and intersectoral collaborative effort irrespective of subnational-variations.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,BMC
• Subject: Aged / Care and treatment / Chewing tobacco / Clinical Nutrition / Comorbidity / Cross-Sectional Studies / Depression / Depression - epidemiology / Depression, Mental / Elderly / Epidemiological Models / Epidemiology / Female / Health Promotion and Disease Prevention / Humans / India - epidemiology / Infectious Diseases / LASI / Longitudinal aging study in India / Longitudinal Studies / Male / Maternal and Child Health / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Middle Aged / Multilevel Analysis / Older adults / Prevalence / Public Health / Regression Analysis / Risk Factors / Smoking / Substance abuse / Surveys / Tobacco Use - adverse effects / Tobacco Use - epidemiology