Journal Article

Dynamic regulation of human endogenous retroviruses mediates factor-induced reprogramming and differentiation potential

Watanabe, Akira, Takahashi, Kazutoshi, Ohnuki, Mari, Yamanaka, Shinya, Tanabe, Koji, Narita, Megumi, Nakamura, Michiko, Tokunaga, Yumie, Nakamura, Masahiro, Sutou, Kenta, Teramoto, Ito, Sawamura, Yuka

2014

Overview

Pluripotency can be induced in somatic cells by overexpressing transcription factors, including POU class 5 homeobox 1 (OCT3/4), sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), and myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-MYC). However, some induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) exhibit defective differentiation and inappropriate maintenance of pluripotency features. Here we show that dynamic regulation of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) is important in the reprogramming process toward iPSCs, and in re-establishment of differentiation potential. During reprogramming, OCT3/4, SOX2, and KLF4 transiently hyperactivated LTR7s—the long-terminal repeats of HERV type-H (HERV-H)—to levels much higher than in embryonic stem cells by direct occupation of LTR7 sites genome-wide. Knocking down LTR7s or long intergenic non-protein coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming (lincRNA-RoR), a HERV-H–driven long noncoding RNA, early in reprogramming markedly reduced the efficiency of iPSC generation. KLF4 and LTR7 expression decreased to levels comparable with embryonic stem cells once reprogramming was complete, but failure to resuppress KLF4 and LTR7s resulted in defective differentiation. We also observed defective differentiation and LTR7 activation when iPSCs had forced expression of KLF4. However, when aberrantly expressed KLF4 or LTR7s were suppressed in defective iPSCs, normal differentiation was restored. Thus, a major mechanism by which OCT3/4, SOX2, and KLF4 promote human iPSC generation and reestablish potential for differentiation is by dynamically regulating HERV-H LTR7s.

• Publisher: National Academy of Sciences,National Acad Sciences
• Subject: Biological Sciences / Biotechnologie / Biotechnology / Cell Differentiation - genetics / Cell Differentiation - physiology / Cell Differentiation/genetics/physiology / Cells / Cellular differentiation / Cellular Reprogramming - genetics / Cellular Reprogramming - physiology / Cellular Reprogramming/genetics/physiology / Embryonic stem cells / Embryonic Stem Cells - cytology / Embryonic Stem Cells - physiology / Embryonic Stem Cells - virology / Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/physiology/virology / Endogenous Retroviruses - genetics / Endogenous Retroviruses - physiology / Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics/physiology / Epigenesis, Genetic / Epigenetics / Evolution / Gene Expression / Gene Knockdown Techniques / Humans / Induced pluripotent stem cells / Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells - cytology / Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells - physiology / Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells - virology / Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/physiology/virology / Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors - genetics / Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors - physiology / Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology / Life sciences / Mesenchymal stem cells / Octamer Transcription Factor-3 - genetics / Octamer Transcription Factor-3 - physiology / Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics/physiology / Phenotypes / Pluripotent stem cells / Pluripotent Stem Cells - cytology / Pluripotent Stem Cells - physiology / Pluripotent Stem Cells - virology / Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/physiology/virology / retrotransposon / Retroviridae / Retrovirus / Ribonucleic acid / RNA / RNA, Long Noncoding - antagonists & inhibitors / RNA, Long Noncoding - genetics / RNA, Long Noncoding/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics / RNA, Viral - antagonists & inhibitors / RNA, Viral - genetics / RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics / Sciences du vivant / Somatic cells / SOXB1 Transcription Factors - genetics / SOXB1 Transcription Factors - physiology / SOXB1 Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology / Stem cells / Viruses