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Biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury in cerebrospinal fluid and blood
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Biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury in cerebrospinal fluid and blood
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Journal Article
Biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury in cerebrospinal fluid and blood
2013
Overview
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as a head trauma resulting in a brief loss of consciousness and/or alteration of mental state. Diagnostic methods to determine the extent of injury to the brain and potential long-term damage in patients are lacking. In this Review, the authors discuss the need for fluid biomarkers of mild TBI, and the potential validation of biomarkers before clinical implementation.
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), which is defined as a head trauma resulting in a brief loss of consciousness and/or alteration of mental state, is usually benign, but occasionally causes persistent and sometimes progressive symptoms. Whether a threshold for the amount of brain injury and/or individual vulnerability might contribute to the development of these long-term consequences is unknown. Furthermore, reliable diagnostic methods that can establish whether a blow to the head has affected the brain (and in what way) are lacking. In this Review, we discuss potential biomarkers of injury to different structures and cell types in the CNS that can be detected in body fluids. We present arguments in support of the need for further development and validation of such biomarkers, and for their use in assessing patients with head trauma in whom the brain might have been affected. Specifically, we focus on the need for such biomarkers in the management of sports-related concussion, the most common cause of mild TBI in young individuals, to prevent long-term neurological sequelae due to concussive or subconcussive blows to the head.
Key Points
Biomarkers of neuronal, axonal and astroglial damage could be used to diagnose mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and predict clinical outcomes of patients with head trauma
Such biomarkers could provide important information for medical counselling of at-risk individuals, such as military personnel and concussed athletes
Cerebrospinal fluid markers are preferred over peripheral blood markers, owing to their increased proximity to the brain and decreased susceptibility to the confounding effects of various extracerebral factors
Ultrasensitive assays are needed for reliable quantification of CNS-specific biomarkers in blood, as their concentrations are below the lower limit of detection by most standard immunoassays
Clinical studies of serial biomarker measurements in conjunction with advanced brain imaging during the acute and subacute phases of mild TBI are warranted
Longitudinal studies of biomarkers in patients with chronic or progressive symptoms after TBI might help to clarify the pathogenesis and clinical course of chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
