Journal Article

Effects of Acute Hypoglycemia on Inflammatory and Pro-atherothrombotic Biomarkers in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes and Healthy Individuals

Gogitidze Joy, Nino, Briscoe, Vanessa J, Hedrington, Maka S, Tate, Donna B, Ertl, Andrew C, Davis, Stephen N

2010

Overview

OBJECTIVE: Recent large randomized trials have linked adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events with hypoglycemia. However, the integrated physiological and vascular biological mechanisms occurring during hypoglycemia have not been extensively examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether 2 h of moderate clamped hypoglycemia could decrease fibrinolytic balance and activate pro-atherothrombotic mechanisms in individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-five healthy volunteers (19 male and 16 female subjects age 32 ± 2 years, BMI 26 ± 2 kg/m², A1C 5.1 ± 0.1%) and twenty-four with type 1 diabetes (12 male and 12 female subjects age 33 ± 3 years, BMI 24 ± 2 kg/m², A1C 7.7 ± 0.2%) were studied during either a 2-h hyperinsulinemic (9 pmol · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹) euglycemic or hypoglycemic (2.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l) clamp or both protocols. Plasma glucose levels were normalized overnight in type 1 diabetic subjects prior to each study. RESULTS: Insulin levels were similar (602 ± 44 pmol/l) in all four protocols. Glycemia was equivalent in both euglycemic protocols (5.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l), and the level of hypoglycemia was also equivalent in both type 1 diabetic subjects and healthy control subjects (2.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l). Using repeated ANOVA, it was determined that plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), E-selectin, P-selectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and adiponectin responses were all significantly increased (P < 0.05) during the 2 h of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia as compared with euglycemia in healthy control subjects. All measures except PAI-1 were also found to be increased during hypoglycemia compared with euglycemia in type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, moderate hypoglycemia acutely increases circulating levels of PAI-1, VEGF, vascular adhesion molecules (VCAM, ICAM, E-selectin), IL-6, and markers of platelet activation (P-selectin) in individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals. We conclude that acute hypoglycemia can result in complex vascular effects including activation of prothrombotic, proinflammatory, and pro-atherogenic mechanisms in individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals.

• Publisher: American Diabetes Association
• Subject: Acute Disease / acute effects / adhesion / adiponectin / Adiponectin - blood / administration & dosage / Adult / analysis of variance / Biological and medical sciences / Biological markers / Biomarkers / Biomarkers - blood / blood / blood glucose / Blood Glucose - metabolism / body mass index / Cardiovascular disease / cell adhesion / Complications and side effects / Diabetes / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - metabolism / Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance / E-Selectin / E-Selectin - blood / Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases) / Endocrinopathies / Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance / Female / Fibrinolysis / Fibrinolysis - physiology / Glucose Clamp Technique / Glucose Clamp Technique - methods / Heart attacks / Human subjects / Humans / Hyperinsulinism / Hyperinsulinism - metabolism / Hypoglycemia / Hypoglycemia - metabolism / Hypoglycemic Agents / Hypoglycemic Agents - administration & dosage / insulin / Insulin - administration & dosage / Insulin - metabolism / insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus / Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 - blood / interleukin-6 / Interleukin-6 - blood / Male / Medical sciences / Metabolic diseases / metabolism / methods / Miscellaneous / Mortality / Original Research / P-Selectin / P-Selectin - blood / Physiological aspects / physiology / plasminogen activator / Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 - blood / platelet activation / Platelet Activation - physiology / Public health. Hygiene / Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine / Studies / Thrombosis / Thrombosis - metabolism / Type 1 diabetes / Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 - blood / Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - blood / vascular endothelial growth factors / volunteers