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EDCC-RPL: A novel energy-efficient and load-balanced objective function for RPL Routing in IoT networks enhancing network lifetime and reliability
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EDCC-RPL: A novel energy-efficient and load-balanced objective function for RPL Routing in IoT networks enhancing network lifetime and reliability
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Journal Article
EDCC-RPL: A novel energy-efficient and load-balanced objective function for RPL Routing in IoT networks enhancing network lifetime and reliability
2026
Overview
Energy efficiency and balanced load distribution remain persistent challenges in the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), significantly affecting the lifetime and reliability of Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. This study introduces EDCC-RPL, a novel multi-metric objective function that integrates Expected Transmission Count (ETX), end-to-end delay, and child count through an adaptive additive model. Unlike conventional single or dual metric schemes such as OF0, MRHOF, and EA-EPL, EDCC-RPL simultaneously enhances energy efficiency, network stability, and scalability. Extensive simulations in Contiki Cooja with 20–50 nodes demonstrate up to 32% lower energy consumption, 18% higher Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and 50–60% reduction in parent switching (churn) in dense topologies. These improvements validate EDCC-RPL’s novelty in achieving joint optimization of reliability, delay, and load balancing. The proposed approach provides a practical and scalable solution for sustainable IoT networks in smart cities, industrial monitoring, and environmental sensing applications. The implementation code of the proposed EDCC-RPL algorithm is publicly available at https://github.com/drmasifhabib/edcc-rpl-github for reproducibility and reuse.
Publisher
Public Library of Science,PLOS,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
