Journal Article

Geographic and socioeconomic differences in potentially inappropriate medication among older adults – applying a simplified analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA) for basic comparisons of healthcare quality

Öberg, Johan, Khalaf, Kani, Merlo, Juan, Johnell, Kristina, Perez-Vicente, Raquel, Fastbom, Johan

2025

Overview

Background Monitoring of healthcare quality is typically focused on differences between group averages in relation to a desirable benchmark. However, we need to consider ( i ) the existence of interconnected socioeconomic axes of inequality like age, sex, income, and country of birth and ( ii ) individual heterogeneity around group averages. Additionally, ( iii ) we need clear criteria to quantify group differences. By applying the framework analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA) on an established quality indicator (potentially inappropriate medication (PIM)), we illustrate how to achieve these improvements and how to avoid both unnecessary group stigmatization and false expectations. Methods We analyzed 731,339 individuals, ≥  75-year-old belonging to 36 socioeconomic strata defined by the intersection of age, sex, income, and country of birth, who were alive and residing in the 21 regions Swedish during 2011. We calculated PIM prevalences and evaluate the discriminatory accuracy (DA) of the socioeconomic and geographical group differences using the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The benchmark value was defined as a prevalence of 19%. Results In Sweden, the prevalence of PIM was 24% among ≥  75-year-olds and regionally it ranged between 21% and 27%. Immigrant 80–84-year-old women with low income had the highest prevalence (29%). All strata including women had higher prevalence than those including men. However, the regional (AUC = 0.520) and socioeconomic (AUC = 0.544) differences were very small. For instance, in the five socioeconomic strata with the lowest prevalence there were about 8,000 more cases of PIM than in the five strata with the highest prevalence of PIM. Conclusion The prevalence of PIM was higher than the desired benchmark value. There were disparities between group averages, but overall, the regional and socioeconomic differences were very small as informed by their low AUC values. Therefore, interventions to reduce PIM in Sweden should be universal rather than only targeted at the regions and socioeconomic strata with the highest PIM prevalence.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Aged / Aged patients / Aged, 80 and over / Analysis / Country of birth / Demographic aspects / Drug therapy / Epidemiological methods / Female / Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa och socialmedicin / Geography / Health Administration / Health aspects / Health care disparities / Health care policy / Health care quality assessment / Health Informatics / Health Sciences / Health services evaluation / Healthcare Disparities - statistics & numerical data / Humans / Hälsovetenskap / Inappropriate Prescribing - statistics & numerical data / Male / Medical and Health Sciences / Medication errors / Medicin och hälsovetenskap / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / MeSH / Nursing Research / Older people / Patients / Pharmacoepidemiology / Pharmacy / Population / Potentially Inappropriate Medication List - statistics & numerical data / Prescription drugs / Public Health / Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine / Quality Indicators, Health Care / Quality of Health Care / Regions / Risk factors / Social classes / Social epidemiology / Socioeconomic Factors / Statistics / Sweden - epidemiology