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Journal Article
SLC19A1 transports immunoreactive cyclic dinucleotides
2019
Overview
The accumulation of DNA in the cytosol serves as a key immunostimulatory signal associated with infections, cancer and genomic damage
1
,
2
. Cytosolic DNA triggers immune responses by activating the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway
3
. The binding of DNA to cGAS activates its enzymatic activity, leading to the synthesis of a second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (2′3′-cGAMP)
4
–
7
. This cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) activates STING
8
, which in turn activates the transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), promoting the transcription of genes encoding type I interferons and other cytokines and mediators that stimulate a broader immune response. Exogenous 2′3′-cGAMP produced by malignant cells
9
and other CDNs, including those produced by bacteria
10
–
12
and synthetic CDNs used in cancer immunotherapy
13
,
14
, must traverse the cell membrane to activate STING in target cells. How these charged CDNs pass through the lipid bilayer is unknown. Here we used a genome-wide CRISPR-interference screen to identify the reduced folate carrier SLC19A1, a folate–organic phosphate antiporter, as the major transporter of CDNs. Depleting SLC19A1 in human cells inhibits CDN uptake and functional responses, and overexpressing
SLC19A1
increases both uptake and functional responses. In human cell lines and primary cells ex vivo, CDN uptake is inhibited by folates as well as two medications approved for treatment of inflammatory diseases, sulfasalazine and the antifolate methotrexate. The identification of SLC19A1 as the major transporter of CDNs into cells has implications for the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer
13
, host responsiveness to CDN-producing pathogenic microorganisms
11
and—potentially—for some inflammatory diseases.
A genome-wide CRISPR-interference screen is used to identify the reduced folate carrier SLC19A1 as the major transporter of cyclic dinucleotides in human cells, with potential roles in immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer, immune responses to pathogens and inflammatory diseases.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 13/109
/ 13/21
/ 13/31
/ 13/44
/ 13/95
/ 38/109
/ 38/23
/ 38/47
/ 96/35
/ AMP
/ Analysis
/ Animals
/ Cancer
/ CRISPR
/ Cytosol
/ DNA
/ Genes
/ Genomes
/ Genomics
/ Humanities and Social Sciences
/ Humans
/ Interferon regulatory factor
/ Interferon regulatory factor 3
/ Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 - metabolism
/ Letter
/ Lipids
/ Nucleotides, Cyclic - immunology
/ Nucleotides, Cyclic - metabolism
/ Nucleotidyltransferases - metabolism
/ Proteins
/ Reduced Folate Carrier Protein - immunology
/ Reduced Folate Carrier Protein - metabolism
/ Science
