Journal Article

Analytical scaling relations to evaluate leakage and intrusion in intermittent water supply systems

Slocum, Alexander H., Whittle, Andrew J., Taylor, David D. J.

2018

Overview

Intermittent water supplies (IWS) deliver piped water to one billion people; this water is often microbially contaminated. Contaminants that accumulate while IWS are depressurized are flushed into customers' homes when these systems become pressurized. In addition, during the steady-state phase of IWS, contaminants from higher-pressure sources (e.g., sewers) may continue to intrude where pipe pressure is low. To guide the operation and improvement of IWS, this paper proposes an analytic model relating supply pressure, supply duration, leakage, and the volume of intruded, potentially-contaminated, fluids present during flushing and steady-state. The proposed model suggests that increasing the supply duration may improve water quality during the flushing phase, but decrease the subsequent steady-state water quality. As such, regulators and academics should take more care in reporting if water quality samples are taken during flushing or steady-state operational conditions. Pipe leakage increases with increased supply pressure and/or duration. We propose using an equivalent orifice area (EOA) to quantify pipe quality. This provides a more stable metric for regulators and utilities tracking pipe repairs. Finally, we show that the volume of intruded fluid decreases in proportion to reductions in EOA. The proposed relationships are applied to self-reported performance indicators for IWS serving 108 million people described in the IBNET database and in the Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India. This application shows that current high-pressure, continuous water supply targets will require extensive EOA reductions. For example, in order to achieve national targets, utilities in India will need to reduce their EOA by a median of at least 90%.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Analysis / Biofilms / Biology and Life Sciences / Computational fluid dynamics / Contaminants / Contamination / Data processing / Demographic aspects / Drinking Water - microbiology / Drinking Water - standards / Earth Sciences / Ecology and Environmental Sciences / Environmental aspects / Environmental engineering / Flushing / Humans / India / Intrusion / Leakage / Maintenance / Mathematical models / Mechanical engineering / Models, Statistical / Orifices / People and Places / Physical Sciences / Pipes / Pollution sources / Pressure / Pressure reduction / Public health / Regulators / Sanitation / Scaling / Sewers / Steady state / Steady state models / United States / Water conveyance / Water Microbiology / Water pollution / Water Quality / Water shortages / Water supply / Water Supply - standards / Water supply systems / Water utilities