Journal Article

Exploring meso- and macro-level contextual factors associated with inequalities in program adoption during statewide scale-up of TransformUs Primary, a whole-school physical activity intervention

Timperio, Anna, Bauman, Adrian, Salmon, Jo, Ganakas, Elly, Lamb, Karen E., Telford, Amanda, Ma, Jiani, Barnett, Lisa, Ridgers, Nicola D., Koorts, Harriet

2025

Overview

Background Contextual influences on program implementation exist across micro (individual), meso (organization), and macro (government/environment) system levels, yet macro factors are less frequently explored in implementation research. This retrospective study explored differences in adoption across meso- and macro-system levels using data from the 2018–2022 state-wide hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of TransformUs Primary , a whole-school physical activity intervention. Aims were to: (1) assess differences in contextual characteristics between adopting and non-adopting schools and implications for equity, and (2) assess associations between macro-level events and dissemination events with program adoption over time. Methods Descriptive statistics (number and %) and chi-squared tests were used to assess differences in contextual characteristics between adopting and non-adopting schools (Aim 1). A time-series analysis of daily data was used to explore associations between the number of dissemination events promoting program awareness (e.g., media, newsletters), macro-level policy events (e.g., education department policies), COVID-19-related remote/on-site learning periods, school term dates (i.e., during/outside of school term) and program adoption (i.e., the number of TransformUs Primary registrations per day) (Aim 2). Results No differences in either school type (i.e., primary, combined, or special) or community level socio-educational advantage between adopting ( n  = 519) and non-adopting schools ( n  = 1,423) were identified. A higher proportion of adopting schools were located in major cities (71.7% vs. 54.5%; chi-square p  < 0.001) and were government (public sector) schools (80.0% vs. 63.1%; chi-square p  < 0.001). Time-series analysis results indicated that the likelihood of adopting TransformUs Primary decreased from the date of program launch to the end of the scale-up period (IRR 0.999, 95% CI 0.999–1.000; p  < 0.005). Both school term date (IRR 5.95, 95% CI 4.78–7.41; p  < 0.001) and dissemination events (IRR 3.30, 95% CI 2.67–4.06; p  < 0.001) increased the likelihood of adopting TransformUs Primary. Results provided little evidence of an association between the number of policy events or COVID-19-related remote and on-site learning periods and adoption. Conclusions Select meso- and macro-level factors had an impact on TransformUs Primary adoption. Findings inform the need to work with stakeholders in scale-up to prioritize dissemination strategies that have a discernible impact on adoption above others and consider targeted efforts to reach regional/rural and non-government schools.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Behavioral Sciences / Child / Clinical Nutrition / COVID-19 / Curricula / Datasets / descriptive statistics / Dissemination / Education / Equality / Ethnicity / Exercise / Exercise for children / Health aspects / Health disparities / Health promotion / Health Promotion - methods / Health Promotion and Disease Prevention / Humans / hybrids / Implementation science / Influence / Interdisciplinary research / Intervention / issues and policy / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / Methods / Movement / Parent socioeconomic status / physical activity / Physical fitness for children / Public health / public sector / Registration / Retrospective Studies / SARS-CoV-2 / School environment / School Health Services - organization & administration / Schools / Sedentary behavior / Socioeconomic Factors / stakeholders / Students / Teachers / time series analysis