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Drawing the line between commensal and pathogenic Gardnerella vaginalis through genome analysis and virulence studies
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Drawing the line between commensal and pathogenic Gardnerella vaginalis through genome analysis and virulence studies
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Journal Article
Drawing the line between commensal and pathogenic Gardnerella vaginalis through genome analysis and virulence studies
2010
Overview
Background
Worldwide, bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal disorder. It is associated with risk for preterm birth and HIV infection. The etiology of the condition has been debated for nearly half a century and the lack of knowledge about its cause and progression has stymied efforts to improve therapy and prevention.
Gardnerella vaginalis
was originally identified as the causative agent, but subsequent findings that it is commonly isolated from seemingly healthy women cast doubt on this claim. Recent studies shedding light on the virulence properties of
G. vaginalis
, however, have drawn the species back into the spotlight.
Results
In this study, we sequenced the genomes of a strain of
G. vaginalis
from a healthy woman, and one from a woman with bacterial vaginosis. Comparative analysis of the genomes revealed significant divergence and
in vitro
studies indicated disparities in the virulence potential of the two strains. The commensal isolate exhibited reduced cytotoxicity and yet the cytolysin proteins encoded by the two strains were nearly identical, differing at a single amino acid, and were transcribed at similar levels. The BV-associated strain encoded a different variant of a biofilm associated protein gene and demonstrated greater adherence, aggregation, and biofilm formation. Using filters with different pore sizes, we found that direct contact between the bacteria and epithelial cells is required for cytotoxicity.
Conclusions
The results indicated that contact is required for cytotoxicity and suggested that reduced cytotoxicity in the commensal isolate could be due to impaired adherence. This study outlines two distinct genotypic variants of
G. vaginalis
, one apparently commensal and one pathogenic, and presents evidence for disparate virulence potentials.
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
Subject
/ Animal Genetics and Genomics
/ Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology
/ Bacteria
/ Bacterial Adhesion - genetics
/ Bacterial Proteins - genetics
/ Biofilms
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Design
/ Drug Resistance, Bacterial - genetics
/ Epithelial Cells - microbiology
/ Female
/ Gardnerella vaginalis - drug effects
/ Gardnerella vaginalis - genetics
/ Gardnerella vaginalis - metabolism
/ Gardnerella vaginalis - pathogenicity
/ Genome, Bacterial - genetics
/ Genomes
/ Genomics
/ Human immunodeficiency virus
/ Humans
/ Lasers
/ Metabolic Networks and Pathways - genetics
