Journal Article

Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Smartphone Addiction

Lin, Po-Hsien, Chiang, Chih-Lin, Lin, Yu-Hsuan, Lee, Yang-Han, Lin, Sheng-Hsuan, Chang, Li-Ren, Ko, Chih-Hung

2016

Overview

Global smartphone penetration has led to unprecedented addictive behaviors. The aims of this study are to develop diagnostic criteria of smartphone addiction and to examine the discriminative ability and the validity of the diagnostic criteria. We developed twelve candidate criteria for characteristic symptoms of smartphone addiction and four criteria for functional impairment caused by excessive smartphone use. The participants consisted of 281 college students. Each participant was systematically assessed for smartphone-using behaviors by psychiatrist's structured diagnostic interview. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the candidate symptom criteria were analyzed with reference to the psychiatrists' clinical global impression. The optimal model selection with its cutoff point of the diagnostic criteria differentiating the smartphone addicted subjects from non-addicted subjects was then determined by the best diagnostic accuracy. Six symptom criteria model with optimal cutoff point were determined based on the maximal diagnostic accuracy. The proposed smartphone addiction diagnostic criteria consisted of (1) six symptom criteria, (2) four functional impairment criteria and (3) exclusion criteria. Setting three symptom criteria as the cutoff point resulted in the highest diagnostic accuracy (84.3%), while the sensitivity and specificity were 79.4% and 87.5%, respectively. We suggested determining the functional impairment by two or more of the four domains considering the high accessibility and penetration of smartphone use. The diagnostic criteria of smartphone addiction demonstrated the core symptoms \"impaired control\" paralleled with substance related and addictive disorders. The functional impairment involved multiple domains provide a strict standard for clinical assessment.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Addictions / Addictive behaviors / Analysis / Behavior, Addictive - diagnosis / Biology and Life Sciences / College students / Colleges & universities / Computer and Information Sciences / Criteria / Diagnostic systems / Electrical engineering / Engineering and Technology / Female / Hospitals / Humans / Impairment / Internet / Logistic Models / Male / Medical diagnosis / Medical societies / Medicine and Health Sciences / Model accuracy / Models, Psychological / Obsessive compulsive disorder / Penetration / Psychiatrists / Psychiatry / Sensitivity / Sensitivity analysis / Smart phones / Smartphone / Smartphones / Social research / Social Sciences / Studies / Substance use disorder / Teenagers / Young Adult