Journal Article

Structure of mammalian AMPK and its regulation by ADP

Mayer, Faith V., Aasland, Rein, Saiu, Peter, Gamblin, Steven J., Howell, Steven A., Jing, Chun, Eccleston, John F., Underwood, Elizabeth, Carling, David, Carmena, David, Haire, Lesley F., Martin, Stephen R., Heath, Richard, Sanders, Matthew J., Xiao, Bing, Walker, Philip A.

2011

Overview

AMPK in energy metabolism AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has an important role in regulating cellular energy metabolism; in response to a fall in intracellular ATP levels, it activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes. Here, a role for ADP in regulating AMPK by protecting the enzyme from dephosphorylation is defined, and a crystal structure of the active enzyme containing the kinase domain is presented. A model is proposed for how AMP and ADP regulate AMPK activity. The heterotrimeric AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism; in response to a fall in intracellular ATP levels it activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes 1 . AMPK has been implicated in a number of diseases related to energy metabolism including type 2 diabetes, obesity and, most recently, cancer 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 . AMPK is converted from an inactive form to a catalytically competent form by phosphorylation of the activation loop within the kinase domain 7 : AMP binding to the γ-regulatory domain promotes phosphorylation by the upstream kinase 8 , protects the enzyme against dephosphorylation, as well as causing allosteric activation 9 . Here we show that ADP binding to just one of the two exchangeable AXP (AMP/ADP/ATP) binding sites on the regulatory domain protects the enzyme from dephosphorylation, although it does not lead to allosteric activation. Our studies show that active mammalian AMPK displays significantly tighter binding to ADP than to Mg-ATP, explaining how the enzyme is regulated under physiological conditions where the concentration of Mg-ATP is higher than that of ADP and much higher than that of AMP. We have determined the crystal structure of an active AMPK complex. The structure shows how the activation loop of the kinase domain is stabilized by the regulatory domain and how the kinase linker region interacts with the regulatory nucleotide-binding site that mediates protection against dephosphorylation. From our biochemical and structural data we develop a model for how the energy status of a cell regulates AMPK activity.

• Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
• Subject: 631/45/535 / 631/45/607/275 / Adenosine diphosphate / Adenosine Diphosphate - metabolism / Adenosine Diphosphate - pharmacology / Adenosine Monophosphate - metabolism / Adenosine Monophosphate - pharmacology / Adenosine Triphosphate - metabolism / Adenosine Triphosphate - pharmacology / Allosteric Regulation - drug effects / Allosteric Regulation - genetics / AMP-Activated Protein Kinases - chemistry / AMP-Activated Protein Kinases - genetics / AMP-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism / Animals / ATP / Binding Sites / Bioenergetics / Biological and medical sciences / Biological control systems / Competition / Crystalline structure / Crystallography, X-Ray / Cyclic adenylic acid / E coli / Energy metabolism / Enzyme Activation - drug effects / Enzyme Activation - genetics / Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology / Humanities and Social Sciences / Kinases / Kinetics / letter / Magnesium - metabolism / Mammals / Models, Molecular / Molecular biophysics / multidisciplinary / Observations / Phosphorylation - drug effects / Phosphorylation - genetics / Physiological aspects / Protein Binding / Protein kinases / Protein Structure, Tertiary - drug effects / Protein Structure, Tertiary - genetics / Proteins / Science / Science (multidisciplinary) / Structure in molecular biology / Thermodynamics