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The Role of Leaf Area Changes Within Plant CO2 Physiological Impacts on the Global Hydrological Cycle
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The Role of Leaf Area Changes Within Plant CO2 Physiological Impacts on the Global Hydrological Cycle
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Journal Article
The Role of Leaf Area Changes Within Plant CO2 Physiological Impacts on the Global Hydrological Cycle
2025
Overview
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations enhance greenhouse warming and drive changes to plant physiology, leading to innumerable climate impacts. This study explores the impacts of plant responses on hydrological cycling at 2x preindustrial CO2 concentrations by analyzing simulations that isolate plant physiological effects using the Community Earth System Model versions 1 and 2. We find that leaf area growth increases canopy evaporation, which offsets transpiration declines, and dampens changes in global mean evapotranspiration, precipitation, and runoff in a CESM2 experiment with dynamic leaf area. These leaf area impacts are also evident in the differences between CESM1 and CESM2, with CESM2 better capturing observed leaf area magnitudes but potentially overestimating leaf area‐CO2 sensitivity, highlighting the importance of plant CO2 physiology on hydrological cycle changes and the need to improve its representation in climate models. Plain Language Summary Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are expected to continue rising through the 21st century due to fossil fuel emissions and impacting many parts of Earth's climate, including the water cycle. These impacts are largely associated with the enhanced greenhouse effect, but recent work highlights that plant responses can also influence the climate. By analyzing several climate model simulations, we investigate the role of leaf area responses to elevated CO2 concentrations. We find that leaf area growth leads to greater canopy evaporation (i.e., water that collects and evaporates from the surface of leaves). This offsets transpiration declines (i.e., leaf stomata—tiny pores in leaves that control gas exchange—do not open as widely at high CO2 concentrations) and leads to smaller changes in global mean evapotranspiration, precipitation, and runoff compared to simulations with smaller leaf area changes. When compared to leaf area derived from satellite observations, the later version of a climate model more closely captures the observed leaf area values but potentially overestimates leaf area responses to CO2 changes. Our findings highlight the importance of plant responses on water cycle changes and the need to improve their representation in climate models. Key Points Leaf area growth influences surface water fluxes via canopy evaporation, which can offset transpiration declines due to rising CO2 Impacts of leaf area growth on the water cycle reduce plant CO2 physiology driven changes in precipitation, total evaporation, and runoff Leaf area impacts in a controlled leaf area experiment are also evident in Community Earth System Model v1 versus v2 differences, with stronger CO2 sensitivity in v2
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