Journal Article

BabyDS: Visually Grounded Grammar Induction with Online Curriculum Learning

Hough, Julian, Eshghi, Arash, Ashrafzadeh, Arash

2026

Overview

Recent research in grounded language learning has seen remarkable success due to advances in large vision and language models (VLMs). However, these models (i) are extremely costly to train and update; (ii) struggle with generalisation; and (iii) do not support continual learning. In this paper, we introduce baby-ds integrating the Dynamic Syntax (DS) framework with automated planning within the multimodal BabyAI platform as a testbed. We provide methods whereby DS lexicons are induced continually from teacher demonstrations within BabyAI. We study (i–iii) by experimenting with the compositional complexity of natural language instructions in the data to compare data efficiency, generalisation, and continual learning properties of baby-ds with a simple neural model. The results show that the baby-ds model: (i) needs much less data than the neural model to reach threshold performance; (ii) generalises much faster to more complex instructions; and (iii) is a more effective continual learner. We argue that it is the attendant linguistic bias within DS and the rich inferential power of TTR that enables (i–iii), highlighting the importance of further research on hybrid grammar–neural approaches. Finally, we discuss several important limitations of baby-ds and sketch a path forward for further DS research.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Architecture / Artificial intelligence / Computational linguistics / computational semantics / Curricula / Data / Efficiency / Grammar / grammar induction / Grammar, Comparative and general / grounded language learning / Induction / Infants / Language / Language acquisition / Language modeling / Language processing / Learning / Natural language / Natural language interfaces / neural semantic parsing / Semantics / Syntax / Teachers