Asset Details
Do you wish to reserve the book?
Characterising the clinical associations of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: a retrospective cohort study
Hey, we have placed the reservation for you!
By the way, why not check out events that you can attend while you pick your title.
Oops! Something went wrong.
Looks like we were not able to place the reservation. Kindly try again later.
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
Characterising the clinical associations of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: a retrospective cohort study
Do you wish to request the book?
Characterising the clinical associations of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: a retrospective cohort study
Please be aware that the book you have requested cannot be checked out. If you would like to checkout this book, you can reserve another copy
We have requested the book for you!
Your request is successful and it will be processed during the Library working hours. Please check the status of your request in My Requests.
Oops! Something went wrong.
Looks like we were not able to place your request. Kindly try again later.
Journal Article
Characterising the clinical associations of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: a retrospective cohort study
2026
Overview
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is characterised by episodes of altered perception linked to past psychoactive drug use, accompanied by distress and functional impairment. To date, clinical characterisation has been limited in scale. Using TriNetX, a global federated health research network of electronic health records, we conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing clinical associations in individuals with HPPD versus population and psychedelic-using controls. Cumulative incidences of psychiatric and medical disorders were compared. Cox proportional hazards models assessed risk factors for developing HPPD, and odds ratios (ORs) were used to evaluate associated conditions following diagnosis. We identified 25,778 individuals diagnosed with HPPD. Prior to diagnosis, high rates of comorbidities were observed, including depressive episodes (29.2%), anxiety disorders (26.2%), chronic pain (15.9%), headache syndromes (14.7%), post-viral fatigue (12.3%), ADHD (6.6%), and fibromyalgia (6.7%). Anxiety and functional somatic syndromes were significantly more common in the HPPD group than in psychedelic-using controls (p < 0.001). Anxiety (OR 1.5) and post-viral fatigue (OR 1.9) predicted HPPD development in psychedelic users. HPPD diagnosis was associated with increased risk of subsequent functional somatic syndromes (OR 2.0) and psychiatric disorders (OR 1.4) versus psychedelic-using controls. This largest-to-date study of HPPD highlights its psychiatric and somatic complexity, with strong associations with anxiety and functional somatic syndromes. Several methodological limitations are acknowledged. Further research should explore overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms linking HPPD, visual disorders (e.g. visual snow syndrome), anxiety, and functional somatic syndromes.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
