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Book Chapter
UPSETTING THE APPLE CART
2014,2015
Overview
More than 2.5 million employees joined the nation’s health-care workforce in the 1950s and 1960s, and there were more jobs in hospitals than in the steel and railroad industries combined. Many of these hospital service jobs—janitors, cooks, maintenance staff, and nurse’s aides—were filled by the working poor, who earned some of the lowest wages in the country. It is no coincidence that between 1960 and 1970 the vast majority of these workers were black or Latino and constituted 80 percent of the hospital service and maintenance workforce in New York City. Their meager salaries even forced many hospital
