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Assessment of Trace Elements and Fluoride Contamination in Kabul River: A Comparative Study Across Different Sites
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Assessment of Trace Elements and Fluoride Contamination in Kabul River: A Comparative Study Across Different Sites
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Journal Article
Assessment of Trace Elements and Fluoride Contamination in Kabul River: A Comparative Study Across Different Sites
2025
Overview
Purpose: This study assesses the concentrations of iron (Fe), fluoride (Fl), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in water and sediment from three sites along the Kabul River: Attock, Nowshera, and Warsak Dam. Methods: Water and sediment samples were collected over four months (April-July 2024) and Spectrophotometry (AAS) for trace metals and lon-Selective Electrode (ISE) for fluoride. Results: Results show that Fe concentrations in water exceed WHO limits at all sites, with Nowshera having the highest Fe levels (125.28 mg/L), followed by Attock (100.58 mg/L) and Warsak Dam (90.64 mg/L). In sediment, Warsak Dam exhibits the highest Fe accumulation (192.18 mg/kg). Fl in water remains within safe limits, but sediment at Warsak Dam records the highest Fl levels (4.415 mg/kg). Zn concentrations in water remain below WHO thresholds, while sediment Zn accumulation is highest at Warsak Dam (6.891 mg/kg). Cu contamination is a major concern, with Warsak Dam's water showing the highest Cu level (3.06 mg/L), surpassing the WHO limit of 1.3 mg/L. In sediment, Cu exceeds the USEPA safe limit (0.2 mg/ks) at all sites, peaking in Nowshera (1.965 mg/kg). Conclusions: These findings indicate significant Fe and Cu contamination in Nowshera and Warsak Dam, necessitating urgent water quality management
