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L'agir humain sur le climat et la naissance de la climatologie historique, XVII e -XVIII e siècles
by
Locher, Fabien
, Fressoz, Jean-Baptiste
in
L'eau, le climat et les hommes
2015
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L'agir humain sur le climat et la naissance de la climatologie historique, XVII e -XVIII e siècles
by
Locher, Fabien
, Fressoz, Jean-Baptiste
in
L'eau, le climat et les hommes
2015
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L'agir humain sur le climat et la naissance de la climatologie historique, XVII e -XVIII e siècles
Journal Article
L'agir humain sur le climat et la naissance de la climatologie historique, XVII e -XVIII e siècles
2015
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Overview
L'idée d'un changement climatique, causé par l'homme ou par des facteurs naturels, s'est imposée peu à peu, au cours des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. La climatologie historique a émergé, dès cette époque, pour l'étudier grâce à un regard rétrospectif sur les registres météorologiques, les sources historiques, les végétations anciennes et l'évolution des fleuves et des glaciers. Dès 1671, Robert Boyle recommande d'observer le temps pour étudier l'action humaine sur le climat. Des enjeux multiples ont contribué à cette historicisation: la colonisation de l'Amérique du Nord et la comparaison transatlantique des climats; l'essor d'un discours historique mêlant processus de civilisation des peuples et amélioration climatique; le projet des monarchies éclairées d'améliorer le climat; la volonté de percer le mystère des cycles météorologiques; et enfin l'émergence d'une conception historiciste de la nature (la géologie, les théories de la Terre). Les théories influentes de Richard Grove et Dipesh Chakrabarty sur les liens entre histoire, climat et réflexivité environnementale des sociétés sont ici réinterrogées. The idea of climate change, caused by man or by natural factors, emerged gradually over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Historical climatology appeared at that time: old weather records, historical sources, ancient vegetation and the evolution of rivers and glaciers were considered as resources for the study of climate change. As early as 1671, Robert Boyle recommended climate change as a topic of investigation for instrumental meteorology. Several circumstances have contributed to the historicization of climate: the colonization of North America and the comparison of different climates at the same latitude across the Atlantic; the development of a historical discourse connecting the progress of civilization with climatic improvement; the Enlightenment projects of climate improvement; the will to solve the riddle of astro-meteorological cycles; and finally the emergence of a historicist conception of nature (geology and the theories of Earth). The influential theories of Richard Grove and Dipesh Chakrabarty on the links between history, climate, and the environmental reflexivity of past societies are put into question in this article.
Publisher
Belin
Subject
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