Paper

LLMs Judging LLMs: A Simplex Perspective

Vossler, Patrick, Fan, Xia, Feng, Jean, Mai, Yifan, Subbaswamy, Adarsh

2026

Overview

Given the challenge of automatically evaluating free-form outputs from large language models (LLMs), an increasingly common solution is to use LLMs themselves as the judging mechanism, without any gold-standard scores. Implicitly, this practice accounts for only sampling variability (aleatoric uncertainty) and ignores uncertainty about judge quality (epistemic uncertainty). While this is justified if judges are perfectly accurate, it is unclear when such an approach is theoretically valid and practically robust. We study these questions for the task of ranking LLM candidates from a novel geometric perspective: for \\(M\\)-level scoring systems, both LLM judges and candidates can be represented as points on an \\((M-1)\\)-dimensional probability simplex, where geometric concepts (e.g., triangle areas) correspond to key ranking concepts. This perspective yields intuitive theoretical conditions and visual proofs for when rankings are identifiable; for instance, we provide a formal basis for the ``folk wisdom'' that LLM judges are more effective for two-level scoring (\\(M=2\\)) than multi-level scoring (\\(M>2\\)). Leveraging the simplex, we design geometric Bayesian priors that encode epistemic uncertainty about judge quality and vary the priors to conduct sensitivity analyses. Experiments on LLM benchmarks show that rankings based solely on LLM judges are robust in many but not all datasets, underscoring both their widespread success and the need for caution. Our Bayesian method achieves substantially higher coverage rates than existing procedures, highlighting the importance of modeling epistemic uncertainty.

• Publisher: Cornell University Library, arXiv.org
• Subject: Bayesian analysis / Epistemology / Free form / Large language models / Ranking / Robustness (mathematics) / Sensitivity analysis / Triangles / Uncertainty