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Strain-induced selective growth was investigated in a 1.5% temper-rolled Fe∼1%Si alloy using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The EBSD technique was used to quantify the presence of orientation spreads within grains and to show that this particular case of selective growth can be directly related to differences in stored energy as reflected in the geometrically necessary dislocation content. The differences in stored energy were sufficient to give rise to selective growth as evidenced by bi-modal grain sizes.

Abstract Strain-induced selective growth was investigated in a 1.5% temper-rolled Fe1%Si alloy using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The EBSD technique was used to quantify the presence of orientation spreads within grains and to show that this particular case of selective growth can be directly related to differences in stored energy as reflected in the geometrically necessary dislocation content. The differences in stored energy were sufficient to give rise to selective growth as evidenced by bi-modal grain sizes. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Abnormal grain growth (AGG) was studied in an Fe-1%Si alloy using automated Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) to determine the driving force for this phenomenon. Experiments were performed with the knowledge that there are several possible driving forces and, the intent to determine the true driving force by elimination of the other potential candidates. These potential candidates include surface energy anisotropy, anisotropic grain boundary properties and the stored energy of deformation. In this work, surface energy and grain boundary anisotropies as well as the stored energy of deformation were investigated as the possible driving forces for AGG. Accordingly, industrially processed samples that were temper rolled to 1.5% and 8% were annealed in air for various times followed by quenching in water. The results obtained were compared to those from heat treatments performed in wet 15%H2-85%N2 at a US Steel facility. In addition, for a more complete study of the effect of surface energy anisotropies on AGG, the 1.5% temper-rolled material was heat-treated in other atmospheres such as 5%H2-95%Ar, 98%H2-2%He, 98%H2-2%H 2S, and 98%H2-2%N2 for 1 hour followed by quenching in water. The character of the grain boundaries in the materials was also examined for each set of experiments conducted, while the influence of stored energy was evaluated by examining intragranular orientation gradients. AGG occurred regardless of annealing atmosphere though the most rapid progression was observed in samples annealed in air. In general, grains of varying orientations grew abnormally. One consistently observed trend in all the detailed studies was that the matrix grains remained essentially static and either did not grow or only grew very slowly. On the other hand, the abnormally large grains (ALG), on average, were approximately 10 times the size of the matrix. Analysis of the grain boundary character of the interfaces between abnormal grains and the matrix showed no significant variation from the overall population of boundaries. This suggested that grain boundary character was not a factor in controlling AGG. When the effect of stored energy differences was considered, it was observed that grains that experienced AGG had low orientation gradients. Based on these results and cross comparison of all classes of experiments performed, it was determined that stored energy differences were the main driving force for AGG in this Fe-1%Si alloy.

Context: California is currently the only state that does not regulate who can and cannot call themselves athletic trainers (ATs). Therefore, previous national or state-specific investigations may not have provided an accurate representation of AT availability at the secondary school level in California. Similarly, it is unknown whether the factors that influence AT availability in California, such as socioeconomic status, are similar to or different from those identified in previous studies. Objective: To describe the availability of ATs certified by the Board of Certification in California secondary schools and to examine potential factors influencing access to AT services in California secondary schools. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Online survey. Patients or Other Participants: Representatives of 1270 California high schools. Main Outcome Measure(s): Officials from member schools completed the 2017-2018 California Interscholastic Federation Participation Census. Respondents provided information regarding school type, student and student-athlete enrollment, whether the school had ATs on staff, and whether the ATs were certified by the Board of Certification. The socioeconomic status of public and charter schools was determined using the percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. Results: More than half (54.6%) of schools reported that they either did not employ ATs (47.6%) or employed unqualified health personnel (UHP) in the role of AT (7.0%). Nearly 30% of student-athletes in California participated in athletics at a school that did not employ ATs (n = 191 626, 28.9%) and 8% of student-athletes participated at a school that employed UHP in the role of AT (n = 54 361, 8.2%). Schools that reported employing ATs had a lower proportion of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch than schools that did not employ ATs and schools that employed UHP (both P values ( .001). Conclusions: With ongoing legislative efforts to obtain regulation of ATs in California, secondary school administrators are encouraged to hire ATs with the proper certification to enhance the patient care provided to student-athletes and improve health outcomes.

Philippe Amouyel, Julie Williams, Gerard Schellenberg, Sudha Seshadri and colleagues report a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for late-onset Alzheimer's disease in 17,008 cases and 37,154 controls with replication in an additional 8,572 cases and 11,312 controls. They identify 11 loci newly associated with Alzheimer's disease. Eleven susceptibility loci for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) were identified by previous studies; however, a large portion of the genetic risk for this disease remains unexplained. We conducted a large, two-stage meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in individuals of European ancestry. In stage 1, we used genotyped and imputed data (7,055,881 SNPs) to perform meta-analysis on 4 previously published GWAS data sets consisting of 17,008 Alzheimer's disease cases and 37,154 controls. In stage 2, 11,632 SNPs were genotyped and tested for association in an independent set of 8,572 Alzheimer's disease cases and 11,312 controls. In addition to the APOE locus (encoding apolipoprotein E), 19 loci reached genome-wide significance ( P < 5 × 10 −8 ) in the combined stage 1 and stage 2 analysis, of which 11 are newly associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Background ADHD commonly co-occurs in children and parents. When ADHD is untreated in parents, it contributes to negative child developmental and treatment outcomes. Screening for parent and child ADHD co-occurrence in pediatric primary care may be an effective strategy for early identification and treatment. There is no data on whether this screening model can be implemented successfully and there exists limited guidance on how to effectively approach parents about their own ADHD in pediatric settings. Even greater sensitivity may be required when engaging with families living in urban, low SES communities due to systemic inequities, mistrust, and stigma. Methods The current pilot study described the first 6 months of implementation of a parent and child ADHD screening protocol in urban pediatric primary care clinics serving a large population of families insured through Medicaid. Parents and children were screened for ADHD symptoms at annual well-child visits in pediatric primary care clinics as part of standard behavioral health screening. Independent stakeholder group meetings were held to gather feedback on factors influencing the implementation of the screening and treatment strategies. Mixed methods were used to examine initial screening completion rates and stakeholder perspectives (i.e., parents, primary care office staff, pediatricians, and behavioral health providers) on challenges of implementing the screening protocol within urban pediatric primary care. Results Screening completion rates were low (19.28%) during the initial 6-month implementation period. Thematic analysis of stakeholder meetings provided elaboration on the low screening completion rates. Identified themes included: 1) divergence between provider enthusiasm and parent hesitation; 2) parent preference versus logistic reality of providers; 3) centering the experiences of people with marginalized identities; and 4) sensitivity when discussing parent mental health and medication. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of developing flexible approaches to screening parent and child ADHD in urban pediatric health settings and emphasize the importance of cultural sensitivity when working with marginalized and under-resourced families. Trial registration NCT04240756 (27/01/2020).

BackgroundThere is limited evidence describing the relationship between calcaneal bone mineral density (cBMD) and activity level or lower extremity overuse bone injury (LEOBI).ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were to: 1) compare cBMD of intercollegiate athletes (ICA) and non-intercollegiate athlete (NA) college students, 2) examine the influence of physical activity on cBMD in NA, and 3) determine if there is an association between cBMD and the development of LEOBI.DesignProspective, cohort study.SettingNCAA Division I University.Participants84 ICA and 103 NA college students.AssessmentICAs provided injury and menstrual history, were measured for cBMD at the beginning and end of the year, and were followed for occurrence of LEOBI. NA college students provided injury and menstrual history and were measured for cBMD.Main Outcome MeasuresDescriptive statistics, statistical analyses of relationships, logistic regression, and t-tests were used in the statistical analyses.ResultsEight ICAs were diagnosed with a LEOBI over the year. There was no difference in initial cBMD between ICAs with and without LEOBI; right (p=.05) and left cBMD (p=.07) were lower in those ICAs with LEOBI at the end of the season. The NAs had significantly lower cBMD and speed of sound (SOS) than the ICAs. There were no significant differences in cBMD and SOS values between the 8 ICAs with LEOBI and the 103 NAs. For the NAs, there was no significant correlation between cBMD and activity, however, age of onset of menstruation and cBMD were found to be significantly correlated (p<.05).Conclusions cBMD was significantly lower in NAs as compared to ICAs. The ICAs with LEOBI did not have significantly different cBMD than the NAs. The difference in cBMD between ICAs and NAs may be activity related, but differences in cBMD among the NAs was not related to activity level.

Alzheimer's disease is a common debilitating dementia with known heritability, for which 20 late onset susceptibility loci have been identified, but more remain to be discovered. This study sought to identify new susceptibility genes, using an alternative gene-wide analytical approach which tests for patterns of association within genes, in the powerful genome-wide association dataset of the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project Consortium, comprising over 7 m genotypes from 25,580 Alzheimer's cases and 48,466 controls. In addition to earlier reported genes, we detected genome-wide significant loci on chromosomes 8 (TP53INP1, p = 1.4×10-6) and 14 (IGHV1-67 p = 7.9×10-8) which indexed novel susceptibility loci. The additional genes identified in this study, have an array of functions previously implicated in Alzheimer's disease, including aspects of energy metabolism, protein degradation and the immune system and add further weight to these pathways as potential therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians experience high rates of mental illness and psychological distress compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. E-mental health tools offer an opportunity for accessible, effective, and acceptable treatment. The AIMhi Stay Strong app and the ibobbly suicide prevention app are treatment tools designed to combat the disproportionately high levels of mental illness and stress experienced within the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. This study aimed to explore Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members' experiences of using two culturally responsive e-mental health apps and identify factors that influence the acceptability of these approaches. Using qualitative methods aligned with a phenomenological approach, we explored the acceptability of two culturally responsive e-mental health apps through a series of three 3-hour focus groups with nine Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members. Thematic analysis was conducted and coresearcher and member checking were used to verify findings. Findings suggest strong support for the concept of e-mental health apps and optimism for their potential. Factors that influenced acceptability related to three key themes: personal factors (eg, motivation, severity and awareness of illness, technological competence, and literacy and language differences), environmental factors (eg, community awareness, stigma, and availability of support), and app characteristics (eg, ease of use, content, graphics, access, and security and information sharing). Specific adaptations, such as local production, culturally relevant content and graphics, a purposeful journey, clear navigation, meaningful language, options to assist people with language differences, offline use, and password protection may aid uptake. When designed to meet the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, e-mental health tools add an important element to public health approaches for improving the well-being of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

Intimate partner violence includes psychological aggression, physical violence, sexual violence, and stalking from a current or former intimate partner. Past research suggests that exposure to intimate partner violence can impact cognitive and psychological functioning, as well as neurological outcomes. These seem to be compounded in those who suffer a brain injury as a result of trauma to the head, neck or body due to physical and/or sexual violence. However, our understanding of the neurobehavioral and neurobiological effects of head trauma in this population is limited due to factors including difficulty in accessing/recruiting participants, heterogeneity of samples, and premorbid and comorbid factors that impact outcomes. Thus, the goal of the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium Intimate Partner Violence Working Group is to develop a global collaboration that includes researchers, clinicians, and other key community stakeholders. Participation in the working group can include collecting harmonized data, providing data for meta- and mega-analysis across sites, or stakeholder insight on key clinical research questions, promoting safety, participant recruitment and referral to support services. Further, to facilitate the mega-analysis of data across sites within the working group, we provide suggestions for behavioral surveys, cognitive tests, neuroimaging parameters, and genetics that could be used by investigators in the early stages of study design. We anticipate that the harmonization of measures across sites within the working group prior to data collection could increase the statistical power in characterizing how intimate partner violence-related head trauma impacts long-term physical, cognitive, and psychological health.