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"Brock, J"
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The Role of the Core Non-Homologous End Joining Factors in Carcinogenesis and Cancer
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are deleterious DNA lesions that if left unrepaired or are misrepaired, potentially result in chromosomal aberrations, known drivers of carcinogenesis. Pathways that direct the repair of DSBs are traditionally believed to be guardians of the genome as they protect cells from genomic instability. The prominent DSB repair pathway in human cells is the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, which mediates template-independent re-ligation of the broken DNA molecule and is active in all phases of the cell cycle. Its role as a guardian of the genome is supported by the fact that defects in NHEJ lead to increased sensitivity to agents that induce DSBs and an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Conversely, evidence from tumors and tumor cell lines has emerged that NHEJ also promotes chromosomal aberrations and genomic instability, particularly in cells that have a defect in one of the other DSB repair pathways. Collectively, the data present a conundrum: how can a single pathway both suppress and promote carcinogenesis? In this review, we will examine NHEJ’s role as both a guardian and a disruptor of the genome and explain how underlying genetic context not only dictates whether NHEJ promotes or suppresses carcinogenesis, but also how it alters the response of tumors to conventional therapeutics.
Journal Article
The Foxfire book of Appalachian cookery
\"The book, which became a tremendous resource for novices and experts alike with interests in the region's culinary culture, has now been reorganized and revised with today's heightened interest in cultural-specific cooking and food-lovers culture in mind. This edition includes new documentation, photographs, and recipes drawn from Foxfire's extensive archive of Southern Appalachian traditions while maintaining the sharp reminiscences and humor of the amazing people who were interviewed for the original volume all those years ago\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Dictating the Risk: Experimental Evidence on Giving in Risky Environments
We study if and how social preferences extend to risky environments. We provide experimental evidence from different versions of dictator games with risky outcomes and establish that preferences that are exclusively based on ex post or on ex ante comparisons cannot generate the observed behavioral patterns. The more money decision-makers transfer in the standard dictator game, the more likely they are to equalize payoff chances under risk. Risk to the recipient does, however, generally decrease the transferred amount. Ultimately, a utility function with a combination of ex post and ex ante fairness concerns may best describe behavior.
Journal Article
A small proton charge radius from an electron–proton scattering experiment
Elastic electron–proton scattering (e–p) and the spectroscopy of hydrogen atoms are the two methods traditionally used to determine the proton charge radius,
r
p
. In 2010, a new method using muonic hydrogen atoms
1
found a substantial discrepancy compared with previous results
2
, which became known as the ‘proton radius puzzle’. Despite experimental and theoretical efforts, the puzzle remains unresolved. In fact, there is a discrepancy between the two most recent spectroscopic measurements conducted on ordinary hydrogen
3
,
4
. Here we report on the proton charge radius experiment at Jefferson Laboratory (PRad), a high-precision e–p experiment that was established after the discrepancy was identified. We used a magnetic-spectrometer-free method along with a windowless hydrogen gas target, which overcame several limitations of previous e–p experiments and enabled measurements at very small forward-scattering angles. Our result,
r
p
= 0.831 ± 0.007
stat
± 0.012
syst
femtometres, is smaller than the most recent high-precision e–p measurement
5
and 2.7 standard deviations smaller than the average of all e–p experimental results
6
. The smaller
r
p
we have now measured supports the value found by two previous muonic hydrogen experiments
1
,
7
. In addition, our finding agrees with the revised value (announced in 2019) for the Rydberg constant
8
—one of the most accurately evaluated fundamental constants in physics.
A magnetic-spectrometer-free method for electron–proton scattering data reveals a proton charge radius 2.7 standard deviations smaller than the currently accepted value from electron–proton scattering, yet consistent with other recent experiments.
Journal Article
Effectiveness of interventions to shift drivers of roving banditry and reduce illegal fishing by Vietnamese blue boats
Illegal fishing via roving banditry, or fishing illegally in other countries’ territorial waters, continues to threaten the security, sustainability, and biodiversity of global marine resources. Yet, little is known about the behavioral drivers of banditry, and whether interventions can shift these. We address this critical knowledge gap by quantitatively surveying 82 fishers in two known port havens (Da Nang and Sa Ky, central Vietnam) for roving banditry by Vietnamese “blue boats,” before and after interventions aimed at reducing illegal fishing. We present three key findings: (1) displacement from the South China Sea and degraded local resources were primary behavioral drivers, (2) interventions increased perceptions of risk and shame if apprehended, and (3) the source of bail money (i.e., family vs. business) was highly predictive of whether fishers saw punishment as an adequate deterrent to illegal fishing. Lastly, we discuss the implications of these findings for regional policy and management strategies.
Journal Article
Beyond Rosie : a documentary history of women and World War II
\"More so than any war in history, World War II was a woman's war. Women, motivated by patriotism, the opportunity for new experiences, and the desire to serve, participated widely in the global conflict. Within the Allied countries, women of all ages proved to be invaluable in the fight for victory. Rosie the Riveter became the most enduring image of women's involvement in World War II. What Rosie represented, however, is only a small portion of a complex story. As wartime production workers, enlistees in auxiliary military units, members of voluntary organizations or resistance groups, wives and mothers on the home front, journalists, and USO performers, American women found ways to challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes. Beyond Rosie offers readers an opportunity to see the numerous contributions women made to the fight against the Axis powers and how American women's roles changed during the war. The primary documents (newspapers, propaganda posters, cartoons, excerpts from oral histories and memoirs, speeches, photographs, and editorials) collected here represent cultural, political, economic, and social perspectives on the diverse roles women played during World War II.\"--Page 4 of cover.
Book
Photocatalytic conversion of sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using aluminium(III) and fulvic acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a valuable and essential platform chemical for establishing a sustainable, eco-friendly fine-chemical and pharmaceutical industry based on biomass. The cost-effective production of HMF from abundant C6 sugars requires mild reaction temperatures and efficient catalysts from naturally abundant materials. Herein, we report how fulvic acid forms complexes with Al
3+
ions that exhibit solar absorption and photocatalytic activity for glucose conversion to HMF in one-pot reaction, in good yield (~60%) and at moderate temperatures (80 °C). When using representative components of fulvic acid, catechol and pyrogallol as ligands, 70 and 67% HMF yields are achieved, respectively, at 70 °C. Al
3+
ions are not recognised as effective photocatalysts; however, complexing them with fulvic acid components as light antennas can create new functionality. This mechanism offers prospects for new green photocatalytic systems to synthesise a range of substances that have not previously been considered.
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an essential platform chemical for developing a sustainable fine-chemical industry but cost-effective production of HMF requires mild reaction temperatures and efficient catalysts. Here, the authors report a fulvic acid Al complex with photocatalytic activity under sunlight for glucose conversion to HMF in one-pot reaction with good yield.
Journal Article