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As photosynthetic organisms, microalgae can efficiently convert solar energy into biomass. Microalgae are currently used as an important source of valuable natural biologically active molecules, such as carotenoids, chlorophyll, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, phycobiliproteins, carotenoids and enzymes. Significant advances have been achieved in microalgae biotechnology over the last decade, and the use of microalgae as bioreactors for expressing recombinant proteins is receiving increased interest. Compared with the bioreactor systems that are currently in use, microalgae may be an attractive alternative for the production of pharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins and other valuable products. Products synthesized via the genetic engineering of microalgae include vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, blood-clotting factors, immune regulators, growth factors, hormones, and other valuable products, such as the anticancer agent Taxol. In this paper, we briefly compare the currently used bioreactor systems, summarize the progress in genetic engineering of microalgae, and discuss the potential for microalgae as bioreactors to produce pharmaceuticals.

The gut microbiota has been linked to many cancers, yet its role in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) progression remains unclear. Here, we show decreased diversity in the gut microbiota of AML patients or murine models. Gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by antibiotic treatment accelerates murine AML progression while faecal microbiota transplantation reverses this process. Butyrate produced by the gut microbiota (especially Faecalibacterium ) significantly decreases in faeces of AML patients, while gavage with butyrate or Faecalibacterium postpones murine AML progression. Furthermore, we find the intestinal barrier is damaged in mice with AML, which accelerates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leakage into the blood. The increased LPS exacerbates leukaemia progression in vitro and in vivo. Butyrate can repair intestinal barrier damage and inhibit LPS absorption in AML mice. Collectively, we demonstrate that the gut microbiota promotes AML progression in a metabolite-dependent manner and that targeting the gut microbiota might provide a therapeutic option for AML. The role of gut microbiota in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) remains unclear. Here, the authors show disordered gut microbiota and reduced butyrate cause intestinal barrier damage in AML mice, with increased plasma LPS that accelerates AML progression.

Urban agglomerations in developing regions face cascading inefficiencies in cold chain logistics, driven by structural dependencies on cross-regional distribution that generate excessive costs, carbon emissions, and quality deterioration. This study develops and empirically validates a systematic transformation framework that utilizes hierarchical optimization to reconfigure these inefficient networks into integrated, sustainable local systems. Our approach coordinates strategic facility location with operational vehicle routing, enabling emergent, system-level improvements that transcend conventional optimization. Empirical validation using 35 supermarket stores in the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos-Ulanqab (HBOU) urban agglomeration demonstrates substantial, concurrent outcomes under practical conditions: a 44.1% reduction in both cost and carbon emissions, and a 21.9% enhancement in product freshness. Statistical analysis confirms high significance (p < 0.001), with a resulting Transformation Effectiveness Coefficient of 1.34, signifying a paradigm-level improvement. The framework reveals that apparent trade-offs between economic, environmental, and service objectives can be systematically resolved through strategic network reconfiguration. These findings advance urban logistics transformation theory by providing a reproducible, data-driven framework for designing sustainable distribution systems, offering significant policy and practical implications for comparable urban contexts globally.

Plateau pikas, small mammals native to the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP), create bare patches through burrowing. No previous assessment exists on their impact on permafrost. This study fills this gap by simulating hypothetical scenarios in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region of the QTP using the Noah‐MP model for the plant growing seasons during 2015–2018. Our findings reveal a significant increase in soil temperature in the active layer due to pika‐induced bare patches, particularly during July–August. The average temperature rise at 2.5 cm depth was 0.36°C in permafrost regions and 0.29°C in seasonally frozen ground regions during August. Minimal impact on unfrozen water content was observed, with a slight increase in deep soil layers in permafrost regions, and negligible in seasonally frozen areas. These findings underscore the previously unexplored influence of pika burrowing on permafrost temperature, suggesting a potential risk of accelerating permafrost degradation, especially in permafrost‐dominated regions. Plain Language Summary On the vast Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP), plateau pikas are actively excavating burrows, creating bare patches of exposed earth within the typical grassland landscape. These seemingly minor disturbances can have significant consequences, as they alter heat and water conditions within the underlying permafrost. However, a comprehensive understanding of how these pika‐made patches impact the permafrost remains elusive. To address this gap, our study employed a computer model and simulating scenarios with and without pika patches in the ecologically fragile Three Rivers Headwaters Region (TRHR) of the QTP. We found that the pika‐induced bare patches significantly raised permafrost temperatures, especially in the shallow soil layers. During August, the peak pika activity month, the average soil temperature at a depth of 2.5 cm increased by 0.36°C in permafrost zones and 0.29°C in seasonally frozen ground zones. While the patches had minimal impact on unfrozen water content in the active layer, the temperature rise in permafrost warrants future concern. Key Points Bare patches due to plateau pika burrowing warmed permafrost, particularly during peak activity months and in shallow soil layers Pika bare patches warmed permafrost and seasonally frozen ground by about 0.36°C–0.29°C, respectively, at a 2.5 cm depth in August Pika‐induced bare patches had negligible impact on the unfrozen water content in the active layer of permafrost

The hydrogen storage properties of the Scandium (Sc) atom modified Boron (B) doped porous graphene (PG) system were studied based on the density functional theory (DFT). For a single Sc atom, the most stable adsorption position on B-PG is the boron-carbon hexagon center after doping with the B atom. The corresponding adsorption energy of Sc atoms was −4.004 eV. Meanwhile, five H2 molecules could be adsorbed around a Sc atom with the average adsorption energy of −0.515 eV/H2. Analyzing the density of states (DOS) and the charge population of the system, the adsorption of H2 molecules in Sc-B/PG system is mainly attributed to an orbital interaction between H and Sc atoms. For the H2 adsorption, the Coulomb attraction between H2 molecules (negatively charged) and Sc atoms (positively charged) also played a critical role. The largest hydrogen storage capacity structure was two Sc atoms located at two sides of the boron-carbon hexagon center in the Sc-B/PG system. Notably, the theoretical hydrogen storage capacity was 9.13 wt.% with an average adsorption energy of −0.225 eV/H2. B doped PG prevents the Sc atom aggregating and improves the hydrogen storage effectively because it can increase the adsorption energy of the Sc atom and H2 molecule.

Accurately modeling active layer dynamics on the warming and wetting Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) is crucial for understanding local hydrological processes, ecosystem dynamics, and infrastructure integrity. However, land surface models (LSMs) are often limited by simplified representation of physical processes in frozen ground and by uncertain forcing data. We present a novel hybrid modeling approach that enables the use of the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model, with its advanced representation of physical processes in frozen ground, in data‐sparse regions by generating robust lower boundary conditions from random forest‐corrected Noah LSM simulations. When evaluated at seven permafrost sites on the QTP, the hybrid approach significantly outperformed both the standalone Noah LSM and traditional SHAW configurations in simulating active layer temperature and moisture. For testing data, the hybrid approach achieved higher average Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency values for soil temperature (ST) (0.81 vs. 0.69) and soil moisture (0.35 vs. 0.17) compared to the Noah LSM. Notably, the hybrid approach corrects key biases of the Noah LSM, which tends to overestimate ST and unfrozen water content during freezing periods. This study provides a robust framework for large‐scale simulation of permafrost dynamics in data‐sparse regions, with direct implications for assessing environment change, infrastructure risks, and carbon emissions linked to permafrost degradation.

In order to investigate the protective mechanism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI), ten AKI patients and ten healthy controls were enrolled. In AKI patients, levels of creatinine (Cre), urea nitrogen (BUN), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were significantly increased compared with those of controls. However, plasma level of H2S decreased and was linearly correlated with levels of Cre and BUN. After that, an AKI mouse model by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection was constructed for in vivo study. In AKI mice, H2S levels decreased with the decline of 3-MST activity and expression; similar changes were observed in other indicators mentioned above. However, the protein expressions of TLR4, NLRP3, and caspase-1 in mice kidney tissues were significantly increased 6 h after LPS injection. NaHS could improve renal function and kidney histopathological changes, attenuate LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, and inhibit expressions of TLR4, NLRP3, and caspase-1. Our study demonstrated that endogenous H2S is involved in the pathogenesis of SA-AKI, and exogenous H2S exerts protective effects against LPS-induced AKI by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress via the TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

ABSTRACT This paper briefly introduces the blind spot detection and obstacle avoidance algorithm for autonomous electric vehicles that utilize laser radar and an onboard camera. Simulation experiments were conducted. During the experiments, the You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) model was tested for its ability to identify obstacles in road images captured by the onboard camera. Next, the effectiveness of the onboard camera combined with laser radar in accurately locating obstacles was assessed. Finally, the obstacle avoidance capability of the autonomous electric vehicle was tested. The results showed that the YOLOv5 model accurately located and identified obstacles in the image. The combination of the onboard camera and laser radar accurately determined the coordinates of obstacles. Moreover, the autonomous electric vehicle based on the onboard camera and laser radar successfully avoided obstacles and reached its destination without being affected by low‐light environments. The focus of this paper is to combine two road information acquisition methods, namely laser radar and onboard cameras, use the You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) model to identify road obstacles in the camera images, integrate the laser radar point cloud data to determine the real coordinates of the obstacles, and employ the artificial potential field method to plan the path. Subsequently, simulation experiments were carried out. The experimental results showed that the YOLOv5 model could accurately locate and identify obstacles in the images; the combination of onboard cameras and laser radar could accurately locate the real coordinates of obstacles; and the autonomous electric vehicles based on the camera and laser radar could effectively avoid obstacles and reach the destination.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that can lead to chronic renal failure (CRF), affecting 8%-16% of adults globally and imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems. Renal fibrosis is a key pathological hallmark of CKD progression and is linked to poor prognosis. Multiple signaling pathways, including WNT/β-catenin.Aberrant activation of WNT/β-catenin is implicated in renal fibrosis. The roles of renal macrophages and fibroblasts are pivotal in fibrosis progression and prognosis.

Background Congenital aniridia is a rare pan-ocular disease characterized by complete irideremia, partial iridocoloboma. The progressive nature of aniridia is frequently accompanied by secondary ocular complications such as glaucoma and aniridia-associated keratopathy, which can lead to severely impaired vision or blindness. The genetic basis of aniridia has been the subject of numerous studies, leading to the development of innovative therapeutic options based on PAX6 nonsense mutations. Specific knowledge of the genetics of aniridia has become increasingly important. To report the clinical features, elucidate the genetic etiology, and reveal the mutational spectrum of congenital aniridia in the Chinese population, sixty patients with congenital aniridia from 51 families were recruited. Candidate genes associated with developmental eye diseases were identified and analyzed using panel-based next-generation sequencing (NGS), and mutations were confirmed through polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. Multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) of PAX6 and FOXC1 was performed to detect copy number variations in the patients without intragenic mutations. Results Clinical examination revealed complete iris hypoplasia in 58 patients and partial iris hypoplasia in two patients. Additionally, two patients were diagnosed with Wilms’ tumor-aniridia-genital anomalies-retardation syndrome and nephroblastoma. By combining panel-based NGS and MLPA, 43 intragenic mutations or deletions of PAX6 , FOXC1 , and BCOR were identified in 59 patients, including 33 point mutations (76.7%) in 43 patients and 10 deletions (23.3%) in 16 patients. The total detection rate was 98.3%. Phenotypic variation was observed between and within families. Conclusions Variations in PAX6 and its adjacent regions were the predominant causes of aniridia in China. In addition to intragenic point mutations in PAX6 , deletion of PAX6 or its adjacent genes is a common cause of congenital aniridia. Furthermore, FOXC1 is an important gene associated with congenital aniridia. The combination of panel-based NGS and MLPA significantly enhanced the detection rate of gene mutations in patients with congenital aniridia.