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Solid‐state batteries that employ solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) to replace routine liquid electrolytes are considered to be one of the most promising solutions for achieving high‐safety lithium metal batteries. SSEs with high mechanical modulus, thermal stability, and non‐flammability can not only inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites but also enhance the safety of lithium metal batteries. However, several internal materials/electrodes‐related thermal hazards demonstrated by recent works show that solid‐state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) are not impenetrable. Therefore, understanding the potential thermal hazards of SSLMBs is critical for their more secure and widespread applications. In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive overview of the thermal failure mechanism of SSLMBs from materials to devices. Also, strategies to improve the thermal safety performance of SSLMBs are included from the view of material enhancement, battery design, and external management. Consequently, the future directions are further provided. We hope that this work can shed bright insights into the path of constructing energy storage devices with high energy density and safety. Focusing on the safety hazards of SSLMBs, an in‐depth understanding of the thermal failure mechanisms of SSLMBs is classified and summarized from materials to devices. Beyond that, future directions in improving battery safety are also involved. This work sheds bright insights into the path of constructing energy storage devices with high energy density and safety.

Gene therapy is manipulation in/of gene expression in specific cells/tissue to treat diseases. This manipulation is carried out by introducing exogenous nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, into the cell. Because of their negative charge and considerable larger size, the delivery of these molecules, in general, should be mediated by gene vectors. Non-viral vectors, as promising delivery systems, have received considerable attention due to their low cytotoxicity and non-immunogenicity. As research continued, more and more functional non-viral vectors have emerged. They not only have the ability to deliver a gene into the cells but also have other functions, such as the performance of fluorescence imaging, which aids in monitoring their progress, targeted delivery, and biodegradation. Recently, many reviews related to non-viral vectors, such as polymers and cationic lipids, have been reported. However, there are few reviews regarding functional non-viral vectors. This review summarizes the common functional non-viral vectors developed in the last ten years and their potential applications in the future. The transfection efficiency and the transport mechanism of these materials were also discussed in detail. We hope that this review can help researchers design more new high-efficiency and low-toxicity multifunctional non-viral vectors, and further accelerate the progress of gene therapy.

C-type lectins (CTLs) are characterized by the presence of a C-type carbohydrate recognition domain (CTLD) that by recognizing microbial glycans, is responsible for their roles as pattern recognition receptors in the immune response to bacterial infection. In addition to the CTLD, however, some CTLs display additional domains that can carry out effector functions, such as the collagenous domain of the mannose-binding lectin. While in vertebrates, the mechanisms involved in these effector functions have been characterized in considerable detail, in invertebrates they remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified in the kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) a structurally novel CTL (MjCC-CL) that in addition to the canonical CTLD, contains a coiled-coil domain (CCD) responsible for the effector functions that are key to the shrimp's antibacterial response mediated by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). By the use of in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches we elucidated the mechanism by which the recognition of bacterial glycans by the CTLD of MjCC-CL leads to activation of the JAK/STAT pathway via interaction of the CCD with the surface receptor Domeless, and upregulation of AMP expression. Thus, our study of the shrimp MjCC-CL revealed a striking functional difference with vertebrates, in which the JAK/STAT pathway is indirectly activated by cell death and stress signals through cytokines or growth factors. Instead, by cross-linking microbial pathogens with the cell surface receptor Domeless, a lectin directly activates the JAK/STAT pathway, which plays a central role in the shrimp antibacterial immune responses by upregulating expression of selected AMPs.

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP) overexpression on the proliferation, migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Firstly, HHIP gene expression data of NSCLC tissues and normal tissues were obtained from GSE18842/GSE19804/GSE43458 databases of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and then validated by TCGA NSCLC database in a cohort of 1027 cases of NSCLC patients and 108 cases of normal people. A chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between HHIP expression and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC. The expression levels of HHIP in NSCLC cells were detected by quantitative-real time PCR. The function of HHIP was investigated by a series of in vitro assays. CCK-8, wounding healing, Transwell invasion assay were utilized to explore the mechanisms of HHIP. HHIP mRNA were significantly down-regulated in NSCLC in three GEO databases and TCGA database (P<0.05). This result was confirmed in NSCLC cell lines by qRT-PCR analysis, its expression in normal NSCLC cell line BEAS-2B was significantly higher than that in NSCLC cells. Chi-square test results showed that the low expression of HHIP was correlated with gender, cancer type, TNM stage and tumor size. Functional experimental results showed that over-expressing HHIP significantly decreased the ability of cell proliferation, migration and invasion in NSCLC cells (P<0.05). Overall, the above results indicated that HHIP could regulate proliferation, migration and invasion, and could be used as a judging criterion for identifying NSCLC classification and stage.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides and play important roles in a variety of diseases. LncRNAs are involved in many biologic processes including cell differentiation, development, and apoptosis. The intestinal barrier is considered one of the most important protective barriers in humans. Severe damage or dysfunction of the intestinal barrier may be associated with the occurrence and development of many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis. LncRNAs have been found to be associated with intestinal barrier function in some studies, which are at an early stage. In this review, we introduce the roles of LncRNAs in the intestinal barrier and investigate the possibility of lncRNAs as a research field in the intestinal barrier.

The mechanical behavior of rock under cyclic loading is quite complicated compared to monotonic loading or unloading conditions. The triaxial cyclic loading and unloading testing of rock specimens under 6 confining pressures (σ3) was carried out through the MTS 815 rock mechanics testing system, to explore the strength, deformation, and expansion characteristics of the rock specimens. The stress–strain curves of the rock specimens in the triaxial cyclic loading and unloading testing presented the hysteresis effect. Besides, as σ3 increased, the rock specimen strength increased, while the failure form brittle to ductile. The elasticity modulus (El) increased first and consequently decreased as the cycle index increased, while it increased as σ3 increased. However, the generalized Poisson’s ratio (μl) increased as the cycle index increased, whereas it decreased as the σ3 increased. Based on the Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion and plastic shear strain (γp) as the plastic parameter, the subsequent yield plane model of the loaded rock was characterized by generalized cohesion (c´) and generalized internal friction angle (φ´). Ultimately, the evolution rules of c´, φ´ and Ψ (dilatancy angle), with σ3 and γp were revealed. Moreover, the post-peak dilatancy angle models with regard to the influence of σ3 and γp on the volume dilatancy of the rock specimen were established, which indicated that Ψ increased first and consequently decreased along with the γp increase, whereas it decreased as the σ3 increased.

Background Core decompression (CD) is an important method for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Few articles investigate the influence of core decompression on outcomes of ONFH. This study was carried out to observe the safety and effectiveness of core decompression in the treatment of ONFH. Methods A comprehensive literature search of databases including PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library was performed to collect the related studies. The medical subject headings used were “femur head necrosis” and “Core decompression.” The relevant words in title or abstract included but not limited to “Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head,” “femoral head necrosis,” “avascular necrosis of femoral head,” and “ischemic necrosis of femoral head.” The methodological index for nonrandomized studies was adopted for assessing the studies included in this review. Results Thirty-two studies included 1865 patients (2441 hips). Twenty-one studies (1301 hips) using Ficat staging standard, 7 studies (338hips) using Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) staging standard, and University of Pennsylvania system for staging avascular necrosis (UPSS) staging criteria for 4 studies (802 hips). All the studies recorded the treatment, 22 studies (1379 hips) were treated with core decompression (CD) alone, and 7 studies (565 hips) were treated with core decompression combined with autologous bone (CD Autologous bone). Nine subjects (497 hips) were treated with core decompression combined with autologous bone marrow (CD Marrow). Twenty-seven studies (2120 hips) documented the number of conversion to total hip replacement (THA), and 26 studies (1752hips) documented the number of radiographic progression (RP). Twenty-one studies recorded the types of complications and the number of cases, a total of 69 cases. The random-effect model was used for meta-analysis, and the results showed that the overall success rate was 65%. The rate of success showed significant difference on the outcomes of different stages. The rate of success, conversion to THA, and radiographic progression showed significant difference on the outcomes of ONFH using different treatments. Conclusions Core decompression is an effective and safe method of treating ONFH. The combined use of autologous bone or bone marrow can increase the success rate. For advanced femoral head necrosis, the use of CD should be cautious. High-quality randomized controlled trials and prospective studies will be necessary to clarify the effects of different etiology factors, treatments, and postoperative rehabilitation. Until then, the surgeon can choose core decompression to treat ONFH depending on the patient’s condition. Level of evidence I Meta-analysis

3MT (Three-minute thesis) presentations, in which students communicate their theses to non-specialist audiences within three minutes, have emerged as an important academic genre, echoing current practices in scientific communication where researchers report their research work to a heterogeneous audience. Although increasing attention has been paid to 3MT presentations, we still lack sufficient knowledge of how presenters should communicate disciplinary knowledge to a wide audience. To address this gap, this corpus-based study investigates the rhetorical organization of moves (i.e. discoursal units serving various coherent communicative functions in text) in 80 3MT presentations from six disciplines. It is found that orientation, rationale, purpose, methods and results are five obligatory moves, among which the results move comprises more than one-fifth of the total length. The rationale and results moves are more often applied in hard sciences than in soft knowledge fields. The findings shed light on advanced academic literacy and how students communicate disciplinary knowledge to a wide audience.

Reconstruction of massive bone defects is challenging for orthopaedic clinicians, especially in cases of severe trauma and resection of tumors in various locales. Autologous iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) is the “gold standard” for bone grafting. However, the limited availability and complications at donor sites resulted in seeking other options like allografts and bone graft substitutes. Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is a form of allograft using acidic solution to remove mineral components, while leaving much of the proteinaceous components native to bone, with small amounts of calcium‐based solids, inorganic phosphates, and some trace cell debris. It is an osteoconductive and osteoinductive biomaterial and is approved as a medical device for use in bone defects and spinal fusion. To pack consistently into the defect sites and stay firmly in the filling parts, DBM products have various forms combined with biocompatible viscous carriers, including sponges, strips, injectable putty, paste, and paste infused with chips. The present review aims to summarize the properties of various kind of viscous carriers and their clinical use combined with DBM in commercially available products. Given DBM'mercially available products. Given DBM;s long clinical track record and commercial accessibility in standard forms, opportunities to further develop and validate DBM as a versatile bone biomaterial in orthopaedic repair and regenerative medicine contexts are attractive.

In the increasingly perfect underground garage construction process, the underground garage entrance water blocking problem is getting more and more attention. This paper proposes a kind of air wall water-blocking device applied to underground garage. The device is installed on the side of the straight and curved paths at the entrances and exits of the spiral underground garage. It utilizes two fans to blow the water to the drain on the other side to achieve unobstructed access to stop the water. In this paper, CFD simulation is firstly carried out on the straight road of the spiral underground garage to verify the feasibility of the program. The accuracy of the simulation results was verified by building a straight road model and conducting experiments. After that, an equal-scale 3D model of the spiral underground garage was built. Orthogonal experiments on the effects of inlet water flow velocity, fan wind speed at the straight road and fan wind speed at the curved road on the water blocking effect were carried out by using CFD simulation. A preliminary range of water velocity of 2.250 m/min to 6.786 m/min was obtained experimentally, and this range of water velocity was used as an input parameter for the simulation. The results show that the speed of water flow at the entrance of the garage and the wind speed of the fan at the straight road have a greater effect on the water blocking effect than the wind speed of the fan at the curved road. When the wind speed of the fan at the straight road is 25m/s, proper adjustment of the wind speed of the fan at the curved road can realize a good water-blocking effect of the spiral underground garage entrance within the range of water flow rate of 2.250m/min ~ 6.786m/min. Therefore, in the practical application of using the air wall water blocking scheme to realize the underground garage entrance water blocking strategy is to give priority to improve the wind speed of the fan at the straight road to improve the effect of water blocking.