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Following on the first part of the study, which dealt with scenes of animals under the chairs of nobles and members of their families, the main interest of the second part is the various objects represented under those chairs. The present article seeks to categorize types of objects and analyze the reason behind their representation under the chairs. Over fifty private tombs and reliefs supported by similar scenes on stelae were examined and analyzed. The objects that appeared under chairs are chests and boxes, mirrors, vessels, cosmetics, scribal equipment, ewers and basins, flowers, and miscellaneous objects such as bowls, sandals, headrests, and the senet game. The study revealed that placing objects under the chair began during the Sixth Dynasty. Chests and boxes were preferred under the chairs during that period while vessels were preferred during the New Kingdom. The existence of objects under the chair in certain tombs does not exclude animals from being represented in the same tomb occupying their own scenes or being represented next to objects. As with animals, scenes of objects under the chairs were rare during the Middle Kingdom. The study also noted explicitly that each of these objects was placed under the chair either to serve personal purposes in the afterlife as they did in real life, indicating the deceased's occupation, or to serve in some religious ceremonies.

The depiction of daily life scenes in ancient Egyptian tombs is an expression of their way of life. It is a reflection of their ideas, concepts, messages, and lifestyle. The scenes of the chairs of the tomb owners, their wives, and their relatives reveal large numbers of items under those chairs. Those items can be classified into several groups, namely, animals, objects, and people. Each group consists of different elements. This paper, which is the first part of the study, concentrates on the animal group depicted under the chair. The aim of this paper is to categorize the animals under the chairs, identify the cause of their depiction in this place and discuss the possibility of dating the tomb through this depiction. This paper employs the descriptive-analytical methodology. Through studying over than one hundred tombs scenes from various periods, the findings revealed that animals under the chair are dogs, monkeys, cats, geese, ibexes, and gazelles. The possibility of dating the scenes from the Old and the New Kingdoms by identifying the animal under the chair is suggested as highly likely. Animal caretakers are only represented under the chair in the Old Kingdom while cats, geese, gazelles, and ibexes are only represented in the New Kingdom.

Ancient Egyptians made use of every natural aspect in their surroundings and illustrated in their tombs. Papyrus was one of the plants that grew naturally in Egypt across the Nile River. Ancient Egyptians used papyrus in many aspects; the prominent, even in modem times, was as a writing material. They used to collect papyrus from the marshes, stack in piles, and then use the plant after processing in various things. Several scenes depict collecting and carrying papyrus piles while workers are in different positions. This study explains the papyrus carrying scene on walls of the tomb of Ukhhotep son of Senbi (B 2) at Meir. The researcher describes the scene and compares it with similar ones from the old and new kingdoms. This research testifies on the scene's originality, besides the high skill of Meir's local artisan to depict difficult carrying positions and workers distinctive features.

Clay coffins were used in ancient Egypt since the Predynastic Period until the Roman times and adopted the anthropoid shape in the New Kingdom. Those coffins were fashioned with clay slabs from bottom to top. The upper part was cut after the clay dried and was made like a mask representing the deceased's face and chest, then reunited with the coffin after the placement of the mummy. The Zagazig university museum houses eighteen clay coffin facemasks acquired from the excavations at Tell Basta on the eastern Delta. Of these only three were published in details, and measures and some photos of the rest were provided. The present study offers a description and typology of twelve of them, shedding light on an ancient Egyptian treasure unknown to many people.

Ancient Egyptians had contact, whether friendly or hostile, with other civilizations. Such a relationship with foreigners was revealed through artistic representations. Among the latter, scenes of non-Egyptian herdsmen appeared on quite a number of walls in three Middle Kingdom tombs at Meir. There is almost a consensus amongst scholars that these figures represent herdsmen from a nomadic tribe called \"Beja\". They are a group of people who still live in modem times in the Sudan, Eriteria and the Egyptian Eastern Desert. They include clans such as: the Bisharia, Hadendowa, Amrar and Ababda. Mainly, the people, of Beja speak Tu Bedawie, a kind of Afro-Asiatic language, as well as Arabic. They are mostly herdsman of camels, cattle and sheep. In modern times, the Beja who lives in Egypt sometimes cultivate land. The Meir scenes, a total of seven, represent those Beja people in their distinctive features especially their fuzzy-wuzzy hair that continued to characterize this clan until present days. The present study will examine such scene, while pursuing the fact that ancient Egyptian local artists at Meir featured non-Egyptians with their own distinctive features. The study will also explore the relationship between the Beja people and the ancient Egyptians, and the fact that the Beja tribes still retain some of their ancient traditions in spite of modernization.

Statistics indicated that the number of international tourism to Alexandria is less than that of Egyptian tourism, this means that Alexandria is considered to be a domestic tourist destination more than being international, particularly during summer. In this case untraditional tourist products must be adopted to promote and market the unique city internationally. The Seven Cultural Routes of Alexandria are seven maps of the city, each on a different theme. These maps provide detailed cultural tour routes focusing on the culture and heritage of Alexandria, in addition to contemporary attractions and how to access them; with reference to the nearby restaurants , hotels and shopping centres. The research area of this study is the detailed examination of these themed routes. Specifically stressed is the employment of these routes in developing cultural tourism to Alexandria. In order to investigate the image of the Seven Cultural Routes and the general image of Alexandria; content analysis of official tourist authorities websites were investigated as well as those of travel agencies. A questionnaire was conducted with tour guides to explore their knowledge and acceptance of working according to the Seven Routes as an untraditional tourist product. The results of the study revealed that Alexandria has a weak tourist image in addition to the absence of special symbols or images of the Seven Routes in the websites of both the official tourist authorities and travel agencies. Tour guides had no knowledge of the investigated routes, but were ready to consider them in their work. Nevertheless , the routes need to be revised for more efficiency in application. Finally, the Seven Cultural Routes of Alexandria, if widely promoted and correctly employed can be used in developing tourism, particularly international tourism.

Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Co-Amox), a commonly used antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections, has been associated with drug-induced liver damage. Quercetin (QR), a naturally occurring flavonoid with pleiotropic biological activities, has poor water solubility and low bioavailability. The objective of this work was to produce a more bioavailable formulation of QR (liposomes) and to determine the effect of its intraperitoneal pretreatment on the amelioration of Co-Amox-induced liver damage in male rats. Four groups of rats were defined: control, QR liposomes (QR-lipo), Co-Amox, and Co-Amox and QR-lipo. Liver injury severity in rats was evaluated for all groups through measurement of serum liver enzymes, liver antioxidant status, proinflammatory mediators, and microbiota modulation. The results revealed that QR-lipo reduced the severity of Co-Amox-induced hepatic damage in rats, as indicated by a reduction in serum liver enzymes and total liver antioxidant capacity. In addition, QR-lipo upregulated antioxidant transcription factors SIRT1 and Nrf2 and downregulated liver proinflammatory signatures, including IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, and iNOS, with upregulation in the anti-inflammatory one, IL10. QR-lipo also prevented Co-Amox-induced gut dysbiosis by favoring the colonization of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides over Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae. These results suggested that QR-lipo ameliorates Co-Amox-induced liver damage by targeting SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB and modulating the microbiota.

Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms involved in the acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced hepatotoxicity. Since 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl, known as tempol, has powerful antioxidant properties, we investigated its potential hepatoprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms that may add further benefits for its clinical usefulness using an acute model of CCl 4 -induced hepatotoxicity. One hour after CCl 4 induction of acute hepatotoxicity, mice were treated with a daily dose of 20 mg/kg/day tempol for 3 days. It was found that treatment of animals with tempol significantly negated the pathological changes in liver function parameters as well as histology induced by CCl 4 . In addition, tempol significantly ameliorated CCl 4 -induced lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion, and improved catalase activity. Furthermore, tempol alleviated the inflammation induced by CCl 4 as indicated by reducing the liver expression level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Finally, tempol significantly reduced expression level of the B-cell lymphoma-2 protein (Bcl-2) and active caspase-3 which are known markers of apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study provides important evidences for the promising hepatoprotective effects of tempol that can be explained by amelioration of oxidative stress mainly through replenishment of GSH, restoration of antioxidant enzyme activities, and reduction of lipid peroxides alongside its anti-inflammatory properties.

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is considered as one of the minimally invasive surgeries. Early postoperative pain alleviation is very important to avoid complications, at the same time, proper early pain control is an established fact to decrease the incidence of chronic pain. To evaluate the efficacy of thoracic paravertebral block (PVB) by a bupivacaine/ dexmedetomidine mixture on acute and chronic post-thoracoscopic surgery pain in patients undergoing VATS. A randomized prospective double-blinded trial. Assiut University Hospitals, Orman Cardiology Hospital. Sixty adult patients underwent elective VATS surgery under general anesthesia randomly allocated into 2 groups; Group I received thoracic PVB with isobaric bupivacaine 0.5% (0.3 mL/kg) and Group II received PVB with isobaric bupivacaine 0.5% (0.3 mL/kg) and dexmedetomidine (1 mcg/kg). Postoperative pain (at rest, with cough, and with movement) was assessed through a visual analog scale (VAS) every 30 minutes in the first 2 hours, then at the second, fourth, eighth, and 24th hours. Time to first analgesia request and consumption of intravenous rescue analgesia (ketorolac tromethamine 30 mg/dose) was recorded. Follow-up of the patients regarding the incidence of chronic post-thoracoscopic pain by the end of the third and sixth months after the procedure was reviewed through the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) pain scale. VAS score was significantly lower in Group II during the early postoperative 90 minute records. Pain with cough and with movement persisted to be significantly lower in Group II up to the second postoperative hour. Time to first analgesia requirement was significantly longer in Group II in comparison to Group (P < 0.001). There was less ketorolac consumption in Group II than in Group I (P = 0.002). At the third month, Group II showed significantly lower incidence of LANSS pain scale than Group I (P = 0.04). There was the heterogeneity of surgical procedures in the patients. Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine PVB offers better pain relief during the early postoperative hours, and it carries a favorable effect on chronic postoperative pain.Clinical trial registry number: NCT03632161. Dexmedetomidine, paravertebral block, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, postoperative pain, chronic pain.