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47 result(s) for "Risko, Victoria"
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What Really Matters for Literacy Teacher Preparation?
The authors report on substantial evidence documenting what matters in literacy teacher preparation and invite deans, department heads, program directors, literacy teacher educators, and literacy leaders to design programs that are supported by credible evidence of impact.
Using Translation to Drive Conceptual Development for Students Becoming Literate in English as an Additional Language
Literacy research has not yet revealed how bilingual learners develop coherent and robust theories of language. Translation, however, provides emergent bilinguals (EL students) with opportunities to develop metalinguistic awareness, which can lead to a more complete conceptual framework for thinking about language and literacy. This preliminary research study sought to formulate an instructional approach (TRANSLATE: Teaching Reading and New Strategic Language Approaches to English learners) focused on using translation to ultimately improve ELL students' reading comprehension. Using design research methods and qualitative analytical techniques, researchers asked middle school students described as struggling readers to work collaboratively and use various strategies to translate key excerpts from their required English literature curriculum into Spanish. Analysis of students' statements, decision making, and interaction indicated that students' conceptual understandings about language played an important role in their learning. Students reflected on the nature of vocabulary, syntax, and the ways that different languages communicate ideas. These findings extend conversations in literacy studies concerning the unique affordances of bilingualism to increase metacognitive and metalinguistic awareness, known contributors to higher levels of reading comprehension.
A Critical Analysis of Research on Reading Teacher Education
The authors provide a review and critique of 82 empirical investigations conducted in the United States on teacher preparation for reading instruction. These studies were chosen from a pool of 298 based on the authors' coding of research quality indicators. Applying an inductive paradigmatic analysis of the 82 studies, this review suggests that in recent years reading teacher preparation programs have been relatively successful in changing prospective teachers' knowledge and beliefs, and a smaller number of studies documents that under certain conditions pedagogical knowledge influenced actual teaching practice. As in earlier reviews, there were very few studies that included pupil achievement as a measure. In addition, the review suggests that university teaching practices that benefit applications of pedagogical knowledge provide explicit explanations and examples, demonstrations of practices, and opportunities for guided practice of teaching strategies in practicum settings with pupils. This analysis builds on more general teacher education research reviews by identifying contributions and limitations of reading teacher education research and providing recommendations for future research.
Supporting Teachers of English Learners by Leveraging Students' Linguistic Strengths
In this paper, we seek to inform policy regarding the professional development of teachers of students who are learning English. To do this, we employ a framework that considers the pedagogical knowledge, practical teaching skills, and dispositions recommended by PD researchers and ELL teacher educators. We then present an approach that incorporates recommended teacher practices, dispositions, and types of knowledge that we call TRANSLATE, or Teaching Reading And New Strategic Language Approaches to English learners. We argue that translating carefully selected portions of grade‐level appropriate text has the potential to improve the English reading comprehension of ELLs. We illustrate this approach by highlighting how one of our research team's instructors was able to incorporate ELL students' linguistic expertise into their guided reading of a text so that they could engage in the kinds of metacognitive and metalinguistic behavior known to foster reading comprehension.
Literacy Teacher Education
Few resources exist to give literacy teacher educators a comprehensive view of effective, innovative practices in their field, making this uniquely practical volume an important addition to the literature. Each chapter describes research findings and pedagogical methods, with an emphasis on what teachers really need to know to succeed. Woven into the text are more than 30 detailed activities and assignments to support teacher development, written by outstanding teacher educators. Links to professional teaching standards and the Common Core State Standards are highlighted throughout. Supplemental materials, including forms, checklists, and handouts, can be downloaded and printed in a convenient 8 1/2\" x 11\" size.
Qualities of Influential Literacy Teacher Educators
An online survey of award-winning literacy teachers was conducted to determine the most influential qualities of literacy teacher educators in teacher preparation programs. Sixty-two recipients of literacy awards participated in the study, representing teachers of excellence from all U.S. geographic regions. Using a backward mapping process, teachers identified a literacy teacher educator who most influenced their own teaching and responded to the online survey (Qualities of Influential Literacy Teacher Educators) about the named educator. Half of the survey participants were interviewed to provide clarification of survey ratings about the influential educator. Findings derived from three triangulated data sources reveal consensus that mentoring is most influential, followed by qualities related to teaching. Research qualities appear to be least influential in teacher preparation.
Helping Diverse Struggling Readers Through Reflective Teaching and Coaching
Collaboration and reflection are critical to effective teaching and student progress in reading. Responding to the needs of linguistically and culturally diverse students who struggle in reading is a persistent challenge for teachers, especially those in urban settings. Conversations between literacy coaches and teachers in urban settings provide opportunities for assessment of practice and greater understanding of students' and teachers' needs. It is through ongoing collaboration and dialogue that the efforts of literacy coaches and urban teachers in improving instruction and performance of struggling readers can be realized.
When You Don't Speak Their Language: Guiding English-Language Learners Through Conversations About Text
This article addresses the question of how teachers can support English‐language learners (ELLs) at emergent levels of English proficiency to be meaningfully included and engaged in text discussions. A microethnographic analysis was performed to closely examine patterns of interactions between a teacher (native speaker of English) and three third‐grade students (native speakers of Spanish). Particular emphasis was placed in the interactions that were helpful in promoting reading comprehension for the ELLs. The interpretations of the data were grounded in Vygotsky's construct of the zone of proximal development. The article concludes with implications for teaching, highlighting practices that take into consideration the linguistic and cultural assets of ELLs. The study suggests that given the proper opportunities and conditions, linguistically diverse students with beginning levels of English proficiency will effectively participate in and learn from text conversations; however, without adequate supports, these students' academic potentials could be severely underestimated. تلخيص البحث: تتناول هذه المقالة السؤال: كيف يدعم المعلمون دارسي اللغة الإنجليزية على مستويات دنوية من الكفاءة اللغوية كي يتضمنوا ويشاركوا في مناقشات النص بشكل فعال. وقد أجريت دراسة ثقافية على المدى القصير لقحص بدقة التفاعلات المتكررة بين معلم (ناطق بالإنجليزية) وثلاثة طلاب في الصف الثالث (ناطقون بالإسبانية). وتم وضع التركيز على التفاعلات التي ساعدت في تحسين استيعاب القراءة لدى دارسي اللغة الإنجليزية. رسخت تفاسير المعطيات في نظرية منطقة النمو الأقرب لدى فايجوتسكي. وتنتهي المقالة في تقديم الأعقاب المحتملة للتعليم وتسلط الضوء على الممارسات التي تأخذ بعين الاعتبار منافع دارسي اللغة الإنجليزية اللغوية والثقافية. وتشير هذه الدراسة إلى أن في الظروف المناسبة وبتوفير الفرص الملائمة الطلاب ذوو الخلفيات اللغوية المختلفة على مستويات ابتدائية من الكفاءة الإنجليزية سيشاركون بشكل فعال في مناقشات النصوص ويتعلمون منها ومع ذلك وبدون أدعام كافية لإمكانيات أولائك الطلاب الدراسية قد لا يقدرهم حق التقدير. 本文所讨论的问题,是针对教师如何给予英语初学者教学支援,让他们有意义地参与和投入课堂上的文本讨论。本文作者进行了一项微观民族志分析,仔细考查一位教师(其母语为英语)与三名小学三年级学生(其母语为西班牙语)在文本讨论时的互动模式。本文的重点特别放在有助于促进英语学习者阅读理解能力的互动讨论。作者对研究资料的诠释是基于维果茨基的最近发展区的理论建构。本文以这研究对教学的启示作为结论,并凸显出教师考量英语学习者的语言和文化资产这做法的重要性。这研究的结果显示,如果给予初期英语能力发展的不同语言背景的学生适当的机会与条件,这些学生便能有效地参与文本讨论对话,并在其中进行有效学习;但如果这些学生得不到足够的教学支援,他们的学术潜质便可能会被严重低估。 Cet article porte sur la question de la façon dont les enseignants peuvent aider les apprenants débutants en anglais langue deux à participer vraiment et de façon significative à des discussions sur un texte. L'accent a été mis en particulier sur les interactions qui aident à perfectionner la compréhension de la lecture de ces étudiants. L'interprétation des données repose sur le concept de zone de développement de Vygotski. L'article conclut par des implications pour l'enseignement qui éclairent les pratiques prenant en considération les acquis linguistiques et culturels des étudiants en langue deux. L'étude suggère qu'étant donné les possibilités et les occasions propres des élèves de langues diverses et commençant à maîtriser l'anglais, ceux‐ci peuvent participer effectivement et progresser à partir de conversations sur des textes, alors que, en l'absence d'aides adéquates, on risque de sous estimer gravement le potentiel académique de ces élèves. Авторы пытаются разобраться, как помочь ученикам, которые только начинают осваивать неродной для них английский язык (ELLs), чтобы они могли принимать значимое участие в обсуждении текста. Чтобы исследовать, как взаимодействуют между собой учитель (родной язык – английский) и три ученика третьего класса (родной язык – испанский), был предпринят микроэтнографический анализ. Особое внимание уделялось тем типам взаимодействия, которые были полезны для развития у ELLs понимания текста при чтении. Интерпретация полученных данных строилась в соответствии с теорией Выготского о зоне ближайшего развития. Сделанные выводы касаются практики обучения, причем на первый план выдвигаются методы, опирающиеся на лингвистический и культурный запас, накопленный самими ELLs. Результаты исследования говорят о том, что при надлежащих возможностях и условиях, дети из самой разной языковой среды способны эффективно участвовать в обсуждении текста и получать от этого пользу даже на начальных этапах освоения английского языка; однако, без адекватной поддержки их академический потенциал может оказаться в значительной мере недооцененным. Este artículo se enfoca en cómo los maestros pueden apoyar a los aprendices de inglés a nivel incipiente (ELLs por sus siglas en inglés) a participar de manera significativa en discusiones sobre textos. Se hizo un análisis microetnográfico para examinar patrones de interacción entre un maestro (de habla inglesa) y tres estudiantes de tercer grado (hispanohablantes). Se examinaron particularmente las interacciones que resultaron provechosas para la comprensión de la lectura de los ELLs. La interpretación de la información se basó en el concepto de Vygotsky de la zona de desarrollo proximal. El artículo termina presentando las implicaciones a la enseñanza, enfatizando las prácticas que toman en consideración las ventajas lingüísticas y culturales de los ELLs. El estudio sugiere que, dada las condiciones y oportunidades apropiadas, estudiantes cuyo idioma materno no es el inglés y que están empezando a aprender inglés pueden participar en, y aprender de, conversaciones sobre textos; sin embargo, sin apoyo adecuado, las posibilidades académicas de estos estudiantes pueden ser gravemente subestimadas.
Making the Most of Assessments to Inform Instruction
Classroom‐based assessments are important resources for teachers and reading specialists for informing instruction. Their benefits can be enhanced by designing measures that assess more than single skills, that follow formative assessment principles, and that involve multimodal formats and student responses. Because of the diversity in K‐6 classrooms, teachers must know what students bring to learning situations, what they are looking for in all students' performance, and how to tailor instruction that will promote the higher level thinking needed to meet the educational challenges confronting them. إن الاختبارات القائمة في غرفة الصف موارد مهمة للمعلمين ومخصصي القراءة لإفادة التعليم. وقد تتحسن فوائدها بواسطة تصميم الإجراءات التي تقيّم أكثر من مهارة والتي تلتزم بمبادئ اختبارات تشكيلية والتي تشمل تعددية الطرق النظامية وأجوبة الطلاب. وباعتبار التنوع متواجد في الصفوف من الروضة حتى الصف السادس فإن لا بد للمعلمين من أن يدركوا ما يجلب الطلاب إلى المواقف التعلمية وعمّ يبحثون في أداء جميع الطلاب والطريقة التي يكيفون فيها التعليم لتشجيع التفكير على المستويات العالية الضرورية لمواجهة التحديات التعليمية أمامهم. 教室为本的评估对教师及阅读专家来说,是反映教学成效的重要资源。如果这些评估在设计上,不单止是为了考核某些单一技能,而能按照形成性评估的原则,及能带有多模态的形式及学生回应的题目,其裨益则会相应增强。由于从幼儿园到小六年级教室里的学生的多样性,教师必须知道在不同的学习情况下,学生已具备哪些条件,学生应有的学业成绩,以及如何调适课程以促进学生的高层次思维,使其足以应付各种教育挑战。 Les évaluations faites en classe sont des ressources importantes pour les enseignants et les enseignants spécialisés en tant qu'aides à l'enseignement. Leurs bénéfices peuvent être améliorés en planifiant des mesures qui évaluent plus que des compétences isolées, qui suivent des principes de formation formative, et qui comportent des formats multimodaux et des réactions d'élèves. Du fait de la diversité des classes primaires, les enseignants doivent savoir ce que les élèves apportent aux situations d'apprentissage, à quoi s'attendre en ce qui concerne les résultats des élèves, et comment confectionner un enseignement qui promeuve le niveau de pensée le plus élevé. Оценивание работы учащихся на уроке помогает учителям и специалистам по чтению совершенствовать учебный процесс. Польза от такого подхода может быть еще больше, если появится инструментарий, основанный на принципах формативного оценивания, но оцениваться будут не отдельные навыки, а работа учащихся в целом, причем в полимодальном формате. Поскольку в среднем звене учатся дети самого разного уровня, учителям следует знать с каким багажом входит в класс тот или иной ребенок, что сами учителя ждут от учебной деятельности и как выстроить преподавание, чтобы школьники могли соответствовать предъявляемым к ним учебным требованиям и демонстрировать мышление высокого порядка. Evaluaciones basadas en el salón de clase son un recurso importante para los maestros y los peritos en la lectura para mantenerse al día en la instrucción. Se pueden acrecentar sus beneficios diseñando medidas que evalúan más de una destreza, que se apegan a principios de evaluación formativa, y que cuentan con formatos multimodales y respuestas de estudiantes. Debido a la diversidad de las aulas entre K‐6, los maestros tienen que saber qué es lo que los estudiantes traen al entorno de aprendizaje, qué quieren sacar del rendimiento de los estudiantes, y cómo manejar la instrucción para fomentar el pensamiento a nivel superior necesario para enfrentar los retos que se les presentan.