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مختارات من المسرح الصيني الحديث
تكمن أهمية كتاب \"مختارات من المسرح الصيني الحديث\" (الصادر ضمن سلسلة \"آفاق عالمية\"، الهيئة المصرية العامة لقصور الثقافة في القاهرة)، في أنه يسلط الضوء على جانب مهم في الثقافة الصينية التي لا يعرف القارئ العربي عنها كثيرا، يضم الكتاب ثمانية نصوص مسرحية وهي المسافر، ليلة اصطياد النمر، زهرة التانج دي، اخفض سوطك، بعد الثمالة، الظلم، الأعود، موقف الباص، لستة كتاب صينيين، تولى فريق من المترجمات المصريات نقلها إلى العربية، تحت إشراف المترجم والأكاديمي محسن فرجاني، وقد لاحظ فرجاني أن أي محاولة لترجمة نص درامي صيني حديث، ستجد نفسها مطالبة، تقريبا، بالرجوع المستمر إلى الأوبرا الكلاسيكية، تاريخا وفنا وتقنيات وأدوات ووسائل فنية، وحضورا جماهيريا، وطاقات تواصل، ورموزا ودلالات، مثلما ستكون مصغية بتقدير بالغ إلى أهمية عملية التنوع الخصب في المواد الدرامية وطرق التعبير عنها، كما لاحظ فرجاني أن الحركة المسرحية الصينية الحديثة وصفت بغلبة عنصر الأيديولوجيا السياسية عليها لدرجة أنها أصبحت بديلا من الشخصية الفنية الأصيلة للدراما بوصفها شكلا تمثيليا ذا صبغة فنية جمالية بحتة وأن وظيفتها كوسيلة للإمتاع قد تراجعت وراء مهام التوجيه الأيديولوجي، وهو وصف يرى فرجاني أنه يبدو إلى حد ما صادق التقدير معقول النظر بيد أنه يغفل درجة التعقيد التي تصبغ العلاقة بين السياسة والفن المسرحي الصيني على صعيد تطوره ويتجاهل المنظور المناسب لتقدير خصوصية هذه العلاقة.
BOOK
Phonological Features: Another Crucial Factor in the Labeling Algorithm
Labeling is required by the interpretive system. When a head merges with a phrase, the head provides the label. However, lexical heads and T with poor inflectional features are too weak to be labels. Although insightful, this theory leaves at least one problem that needs prompt solutions: are there other kinds of weak heads? In this paper, we address this issue by proposing that phonological features play a crucial role in the labeling algorithm and by putting forward an additional version of weak heads. That is, a head that loses phonological features in the syntax is also weak. This approach to weak heads, together with the constraint that a structure must be labeled for interpretation, can capture the distribution of empty categories in topicalization, relativization, ellipsis, and other phenomena, some of which have not received enough scholarly attention. Therefore, our syntactic-phonological approach to labeling can open up new possibilities to account for the distribution of empty categories in a principled manner.
Journal Article
Pan-genome analysis highlights the extent of genomic variation in cultivated and wild rice
The rich genetic diversity in
Oryza sativa
and
Oryza rufipogon
serves as the main sources in rice breeding. Large-scale resequencing has been undertaken to discover allelic variants in rice, but much of the information for genetic variation is often lost by direct mapping of short sequence reads onto the
O. sativa japonica
Nipponbare reference genome. Here we constructed a pan-genome dataset of the
O. sativa
–
O. rufipogon
species complex through deep sequencing and de novo assembly of 66 divergent accessions. Intergenomic comparisons identified 23 million sequence variants in the rice genome. This catalog of sequence variations includes many known quantitative trait nucleotides and will be helpful in pinpointing new causal variants that underlie complex traits. In particular, we systemically investigated the whole set of coding genes using this pan-genome data, which revealed extensive presence and absence of variation among rice accessions. This pan-genome resource will further promote evolutionary and functional studies in rice.
A pan-genome dataset of the
Oryza sativa
–
Oryza rufipogon
species complex generated through deep sequencing and de novo genome assembly of 66 divergent accessions will be helpful in pinpointing new causal variants underlying complex traits and in promoting evolutionary and functional studies in rice.
Journal Article
The PLATZ Transcription Factor GL6 Affects Grain Length and Number in Rice
Grain size is one of the key determinants of grain yield. Although a number of genes that control grain size in rice (Oryza sativa) have been identified, the overall regulatory networks behind this process remain poorly understood. Here, we report the map-based cloning and functional characterization of the quantitative trait locus GL6, which encodes a plant-specific plant AT-rich sequence- and zinc-binding transcription factor that regulates rice grain length and spikelet number. GL6 positively controls grain length by promoting cell proliferation in young panicles and grains. The null gl6 mutant possesses short grains, whereas overexpression of GL6 results in large grains and decreased grain number per panicle. We demonstrate that GL6 participates in RNA polymerase III transcription machinery by interacting with RNA polymerase III subunit C53 and transcription factor class C1 to regulate the expression of genes involved in rice grain development. Our findings reveal a further player involved in the regulation of rice grain size that may be exploited in future rice breeding.
Journal Article
Chromosome-scale assembly and analysis of biomass crop Miscanthus lutarioriparius genome
Miscanthus
, a rhizomatous perennial plant, has great potential for bioenergy production for its high biomass and stress tolerance. We report a chromosome-scale assembly of
Miscanthus lutarioriparius
genome by combining Oxford Nanopore sequencing and Hi-C technologies. The 2.07-Gb assembly covers 96.64% of the genome, with contig N50 of 1.71 Mb. The centromere and telomere sequences are assembled for all 19 chromosomes and chromosome 10, respectively. Allotetraploid origin of the
M. lutarioriparius
is confirmed using centromeric satellite repeats. The tetraploid genome structure and several chromosomal rearrangements relative to sorghum are clearly demonstrated. Tandem duplicate genes of
M. lutarioriparius
are functional enriched not only in terms related to stress response, but cell wall biosynthesis. Gene families related to disease resistance, cell wall biosynthesis and metal ion transport are greatly expanded and evolved. The expansion of these families may be an important genomic basis for the enhancement of remarkable traits of
M. lutarioriparius
.
The genus
Miscanthus
has great potential for bio-energy production due to its high biomass yield and strong stress resistance. Here, the authors report the genome assembly of the diploid
M. lutarioriparius
, showing it has an allotetraploid origin and an expanded number of genes in families related to stress resistance.
Journal Article
Subtelomeric assembly of a multi-gene pathway for antimicrobial defense compounds in cereals
Non-random gene organization in eukaryotes plays a significant role in genome evolution. Here, we investigate the origin of a biosynthetic gene cluster for production of defence compounds in oat—the avenacin cluster. We elucidate the structure and organisation of this 12-gene cluster, characterise the last two missing pathway steps, and reconstitute the entire pathway in tobacco by transient expression. We show that the cluster has formed de novo since the divergence of oats in a subtelomeric region of the genome that lacks homology with other grasses, and that gene order is approximately colinear with the biosynthetic pathway. We speculate that the positioning of the late pathway genes furthest away from the telomere may mitigate against a ‘self-poisoning’ scenario in which toxic intermediates accumulate as a result of telomeric gene deletions. Our investigations reveal a striking example of adaptive evolution underpinned by remarkable genome plasticity.
The genomic organization and origin of the avenacin biosynthetic gene cluster remain unknown. Here, the authors assemble the genome of diploid oat
Avena strigosa
, reveal the structure and organization of the consecutive genes, characterize the last two missing pathway steps, and investigate the origin of the pathway in cereals.
Journal Article
A noncanonical vacuolar sugar transferase required for biosynthesis of antimicrobial defense compounds in oat
Plants produce an array of natural products with important ecological functions. These compounds are often decorated with oligosaccharide groups that influence bioactivity, but the biosynthesis of such sugar chains is not well understood. Triterpene glycosides (saponins) are a large family of plant natural products that determine important agronomic traits, as exemplified by avenacins, antimicrobial defense compounds produced by oats. Avenacins have a branched trisaccharide moiety consisting of L-arabinose linked to 2 D-glucose molecules that is critical for antifungal activity. Plant natural product glycosylation is usually performed by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). We previously characterized the arabinosyltransferase that initiates the avenacin sugar chain; however, the enzymes that add the 2 remaining D-glucose molecules have remained elusive. Here we characterize the enzymes that catalyze these last 2 glucosylation steps. AsUGT91G16 is a classical cytosolic UGT that adds a 1,2-linked D-glucose molecule to L-arabinose. Unexpectedly, the enzyme that adds the final 1,4-linked D-glucose (AsTG1) is not a UGT, but rather a sugar transferase belonging to Glycosyl Hydrolase family 1 (GH1). Unlike classical UGTs, AsTG1 is vacuolar. Analysis of oat mutants reveals that AsTG1 corresponds to Sad3, a previously uncharacterized locus shown by mutation to be required for avenacin biosynthesis. AsTG1 and AsUGT91G16 form part of the avenacin biosynthetic gene cluster. Our demonstration that a vacuolar transglucosidase family member plays a critical role in triterpene biosynthesis highlights the importance of considering other classes of carbohydrate-active enzymes in addition to UGTs as candidates when elucidating pathways for the biosynthesis of glycosylated natural products in plants.
Journal Article
High-throughput UAV-based rice panicle detection and genetic mapping of heading-date-related traits
Rice (
) serves as a vital staple crop that feeds over half the world's population. Optimizing rice breeding for increasing grain yield is critical for global food security. Heading-date-related or Flowering-time-related traits, is a key factor determining yield potential. However, traditional manual phenotyping methods for these traits are time-consuming and labor-intensive.
Here we show that aerial imagery from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), when combined with deep learning-based panicle detection, enables high-throughput phenotyping of heading-date-related traits. We systematically evaluated various state-of-the-art object detectors on rice panicle counting and identified YOLOv8-X as the optimal detector.
Applying YOLOv8-X to UAV time-series images of 294 rice recombinant inbred lines (RILs) allowed accurate quantification of six heading-date-related traits. Utilizing these phenotypes, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTL), including verified loci and novel loci, associated with heading date.
Our optimized UAV phenotyping and computer vision pipeline may facilitate scalable molecular identification of heading-date-related genes and guide enhancements in rice yield and adaptation.
Journal Article
Endogenous target mimics down-regulate miR160 mediation of ARF10, -16, and -17 cleavage during somatic embryogenesis in Dimocarpus longan Lour
MicroRNA160 plays a critical role in plant development by negatively regulating the auxin response factors ARF10, -16, and -17. However, the ways in which miR160 expression is regulated at the transcriptional level, and how miR160 interacts with its targets during plant embryo development, remain unknown. Here, we studied the regulatory relationships among endogenous target mimics (eTMs), and miR160 and its targets, and their involvement in hormone signaling and somatic embryogenesis (SE) in Dimocarpus longan. We identified miR160 family members and isolated the miR160 precursor, primary transcript, and promoter. The promoter contained cis-acting elements responsive to stimuli such as light, abscisic acid, salicylic acid (SA) and heat stress. The pri-miR160 was down-regulated in response to SA but up-regulated by gibberellic acid, ethylene, and methyl jasmonate treatment, suggesting that pri-miR160 was associated with hormone transduction. Dlo-miR160a, -a(∗) and -d(∗) reached expression peaks in torpedo-shaped embryos, globular embryos and cotyledonary embryos, respectively, but were barely detectable in friable-embryogenic callus. This suggests that they have expression-related and functional diversity, especially during the middle and later developmental stages of SE. Four potential eTMs for miR160 were identified. Two of them, glucan endo-1,3-beta- glucosidase-like protein 2-like and calpain-type cysteine protease DEK1, were confirmed to control the corresponding dlo-miR160a(∗) expression level. This suggests that they may function to abolish the binding between dlo-miR160a(∗) and its targets. These two eTMs also participated in 2,4-D and ABA signal transduction. DlARF10, -16, and -17 targeting by dlo-miR160a was confirmed; their expression levels were higher in friable-embryogenic callus and incomplete compact pro-embryogenic cultures and responded to 2,4-D, suggesting they may play a major role in the early stages of longan SE dependent on 2,4-D. The eTMs, miR160, and ARF10, -16, and -17 exhibited tissue specificity in 'Sijimi' longan vegetative and reproductive organs, but were not significant negatively correlated. These results provide insights into the possible role of the eTM-miR160-ARF10-16-17 pathway in longan somatic embryo development.
Journal Article
Genome‐wide identification and analysis of heterotic loci in three maize hybrids
Summary Heterosis, or hybrid vigour, is a predominant phenomenon in plant genetics, serving as the basis of crop hybrid breeding, but the causative loci and genes underlying heterosis remain unclear in many crops. Here, we present a large‐scale genetic analysis using 5360 offsprings from three elite maize hybrids, which identifies 628 loci underlying 19 yield‐related traits with relatively high mapping resolutions. Heterotic pattern investigations of the 628 loci show that numerous loci, mostly with complete–incomplete dominance (the major one) or overdominance effects (the secondary one) for heterozygous genotypes and nearly equal proportion of advantageous alleles from both parental lines, are the major causes of strong heterosis in these hybrids. Follow‐up studies for 17 heterotic loci in an independent experiment using 2225 F2 individuals suggest most heterotic effects are roughly stable between environments with a small variation. Candidate gene analysis for one major heterotic locus (ub3) in maize implies that there may exist some common genes contributing to crop heterosis. These results provide a community resource for genetics studies in maize and new implications for heterosis in plants.
Journal Article