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为进一步探讨鳄蜥（Shinisaurus crocodilurus）的生理性体温调节能力，2018年8月，以广东省罗坑自然保护区鳄蜥研究中心成体饲养池内的鳄蜥为研究对象，探讨鳄蜥在20.0 30.0 ℃时，调节体温（Tb）与环境温度（Te）的关系。结果表明：以2.5 ℃梯度变温时，鳄蜥的调节体温与环境温度呈正相关，升温时，Tb=0.533Te+13.084（F1，48=327.65，R2=0.872，P<0.001）；降温时，Tb=1.150Te-3.454（F1，48=1476.48，R2=0.969，P<0.001）。降温时，鳄蜥体温与环境温度的相关系数（1.150）大于升温时（0.533）。升温和降温时，鳄蜥热交换的平衡点分别为28.01、23.03 ℃，环境温度高于或低于平衡点时，鳄蜥的调节体温均低于环境温度。研究表明，降温时，鳄蜥对环境的依赖性更强，生理调节能力较弱。

热射病是指机体长时间暴露在高温高湿环境中,核心体温升高（〉40℃）和中枢神经系统功能障碍为临床特征的热疾病综合征,为致命性急症,其发病机制为机体体温调节障碍,产热与散热失衡引起体内大量热蓄积导致体温急剧升高。热应激所致细胞和器官水平受损可引起疾病进行性恶化,导致多器官功能障碍甚至死亡。其预后常与机体高热程度及持续时间相关,快速有效降低核心体温是临床治疗的首要措施,若降温延迟,病死率明显增加。目前,临床治疗中使用的降温方法主要包括通过传导、蒸发、对流等方式进行的物理降温,血液滤过、血管内降温、冰盐水灌胃或灌肠等侵入性体内降温,以及药物降温等。根据患者病情与身体状况,治疗机构降温设备条件,以及操作者对降温措施和设备的熟练程度,科学合理地选择有效的降温方式对患者的成功救治至关重要。本文就近年来国内外治疗热射病的快速有效的降温措施及其研究进展进行综述。

为了解环境温度对东北林蛙（Rana dybowskii）和黑龙江林蛙（R.amurensis）体温调节能力的影响，研究了2种林蛙在不同时间（07：00、10：00、13：00、16：00、19：00）、室温及梯度变温（10、12、14、16、18、20 ℃）等条件时的体温变化规律。结果表明：2种林蛙体温调节均无显著的性别差异，林蛙体温与环境温度的变化趋势一致。环境温度最高时，2种林蛙的体温也达到最高，体温与环境温度显著正相关；体温的变化幅度、回归方程的斜率和等温点3个参数可以作为判断体温调节能力的重要指标。东北林蛙的体温日变化幅度大于黑龙江林蛙。体温与环境温度的线性回归分析表明，东北林蛙斜率的绝对值大于黑龙江林蛙，东北林蛙的等温点低于黑龙江林蛙。与黑龙江林蛙相比，东北林蛙的体温波动较大，其体温调节能力较低。

目的 构建经典型热射病（HS）大鼠模型，观察恢复期核心体温的调节特征，并分析其与预后的关系。方法 雄性SPF级SD大鼠60只随机分为HS组（n=50）和正常对照组（n=10）。HS组大鼠予39℃热打击，监测核心体温及动脉收缩压（SBP）变化，达到HS诊断标准后结束热打击，观察72h恢复期核心体温的变化特征及生存情况，并对预后因素进行单因素和多因素Cox回归分析。结果 HS组大鼠在热打击后恢复期表现为双相式变化，即发生低体温和迟发性高热。单因素分析显示，HS大鼠最高核心体温、最低核心体温均与预后相关（P〈0.05）。多因素分析显示，HS大鼠最高核心体温（P=0.000，HR=102.386）、恢复期最低核心体温（P=0.001，HR=0.134）为影响HS大鼠预后的独立危险因素。结论 大鼠达到HS时核心体温越高，其发生低体温的程度越深，预后越差。热应激期和恢复期核心体温水平可作为HS大鼠预后的敏感指标。

在10℃、16℃、22℃和28℃4个温度条件下,通过测量东北林蛙泄殖腔温度的方法,研究分析了东北林蛙2个不同种群在不同环境温度下的体温变化及其影响。结果表明,东北林蛙的体温随着环境温度的升高而升高,两性间体温无显著差异,但不同地理种群间体温存在一定的差异; 恒温条件下,集安种群的体温没有明显日变化节律,而伊春种群的体温存在显著的日节律变化; 伊春种群具有较低的体温和较强的体温调节能力。由此可知,环境温度是影响东北林蛙不同地理种群的体温及生理体温调节能力的主要因素之一。

In addition to the energystoring white adipose tissue （WAT）, mammals possess brown adipose tissue （BAT） that burns fat to release heat for thermogenesis. BAT is abundant in mammals with high thermoregulatory demands, such as small mammals and the neonates of large mammals [1]. BAT was previously believed to be present only in small mammals and human infants. How ever, active BAT was also demonstrated in adult humans in the early 1990s [23]. Interestingly, in adult humans, BAT activity shows an inverse correlation with body mass index （BMI） and the percentage of body fat [45]. These findings indicate that BAT may play an important role in wholebody energy metabolism, although direct evidence is still lacking. In the current study, we found that BAT transplantation improved wholebody energy metabolism and increased insulin sensitivity. In addition, BAT transplantation not only prevented highfat diet （HFD）induced weight gain but also reversed preexisting obesity. Furthermore, we showed that these effects were BATtransplantation specific, as transplantation of other tissues did not produce similar effects. To investigate the possible beneficial effects of BAT on HFDinduced obesity, we performed BAT transplan tations. BAT was dissected from strain, sex and age matched donor mice and was subcutaneously transplant ed into the dorsal interscapular region （Supplementary information, Figure S1M） of recipient mice （Figure 1A 11）. The recipient mice were then fed an HFD, which be gan immediately after the transplantation and continued for 20 weeks. BAT transplantation strikingly reduced HFDinduced weight gain in the transplanted mice com pared with shamoperated control mice that were also fed an HFD. This effect appeared as early as 4 weeks post BAT transplantation and reached a maximum at the end of the study （Figure 1A）. The weight change was accompanied by significant postBATtransplantation re ductions in the weights of large organs, such as the liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue （Supplementary infor mation, Figure S1D）. Moreover, the wholebody fat percentage was reduced （Figure 1B） despite the absence of significant changes in energy intake or energy absorption after BAT transplantation （Supplementary information, Figure S1AS1B）. BAT is a major organ that can generate large amounts of heat; it is responsible for at least 60% of nonshivering thermogenesis in coldacclimated animals [6]. Therefore, we investigated whether BAT transplantation produced any effect on thermogenesis. We demonstrated that BAT transplantation not only significantly increased the core body temperature of animals under thermoneutral conditions （Figure 1C）, but also greatly increased the core body temperature of animals that were challenged by exposure to cold conditions （4 C, 6 h） （Figure IC 1D）. This elevation in body temperature was linked to an increase in energy metabolism, as evidenced by a large increase in oxygen consumption （Figure 1E） that was not accompanied by a significant change in the respiratory quotient （RQ） （Supplementary information, Figure S 1E）. Notably, the results of gene expression analyses also support the above observations： BAT transplanta Lion significantly increased the expression of fatty acid oxidationrelated genes, such as MCAD, PPARa, PGCla, CPTlfl, and UCP1, in endogenous BAT and muscle tis sue （Figure IF and Supplementary information, Figure SII）. However, similar changes were not observed in epididymal or subcutaneous fat （Supplementary in formation, Figure S 1FS 1G）. A previous research has suggested that a reduction in physical activity occurs in nouse models of obesity [7]. Remarkably,

Two recent studies reveal a crucial role for the cation channel TRPM2 in sensing warm temperatures, both in the thermoregulatory center of the brain and in the somatosensory system.Two recent studies reveal a crucial role for the cation channel TRPM2 in sensing warm temperatures, both in the thermoregulatory center of the brain and in the somatosensory system.

Physiological adaptation arises from several fundamental sources of phenotypic variation. Most analyses of metabolic adaptation in birds have focused on the basal metabolic rate （BMR）, the lower limit of avian metabolic heat production. In this study, we investigated thermoregulation in three passerine species; the yellow-billed grosbeak Eophona migratoria, white-rumped munia Lonchura striata and black-throated bushtit Aegithalos concinnus, in Wenzhou, China. Metabolic rate was measured using the closed-circuit respirometer containing 3.5 L animal chambers. Body temperature （Tb） was measured during metabolic measurements using a lubricated thermocouple. The minimum thermal conductance of these species was calculated by measuring their Tb and metabolic rates. The yellow-billed grosbeak remained largely normothermic, and the white-rumped munia and black-throated bushtit exhibited variable Tb at ambient temperatures （Ta）. Mean metabolic rates within thermal neutral zone were 2.48±0.09 02 （mL）/g/h for yellow-billed grosbeaks, 3.44±0.16 02 （mL）/g/h for white-rumped munias, and 3.55±0.20 O2 （mL）/g/h for black-throated bushtits, respectively. Minimum thermal conductance of yellow-billed grosbeak, white-rumped munia and black-throated bushtit were 0.13±0.00, 0.36±0.01, and 0.37±0.01 02 （mL）/g/h/℃, respectively. The ecophysiological characteristics of these species were： （1） the yellowbilled grosbeak had relatively high Tb and BMR, a low lower critical temperature and thermal conductance, and a metabolic rate that was relatively insensitive to variation in Ta; all of which are typical of cold adapted species and explain its broader geographic distribution; （2） the white-rumped munia and black- throated bushtit had high thermal conductance, lower critical temperature, and relatively low BMR, all which are adapted to warm environments where there is little selection pressure for metabolic thermogenesis. Taken together, these data illustrate small migratory and resident passerines that exhibit the different characteristics of thermoregulation.

Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are highly expressed when organisms are exposed to thermal stresses. The HSPs are considered to play significant roles in thermal adaptation because they function as molecular chaperones facilitating proper protein synthesis. The expression of HSPs under field conditions, however, has not been evaluated much, and their importance, based on the ecological contexts in nature, is still unclear. We investigated this aspect in the larvae and adults of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga similis. These larvae spend their larval life in the carrion or faeces of vertebrates; therefore, they are less mobile and are occasionally exposed to high temperature. In contrast, the adults of this species can fly and, therefore, they are highly mobile. Massive transcription of Hsps was detected both in the larvae and adults in a laboratory heat-shock experiment. The larvae in the field showed no or less Hsp production on thermally mild days, whereas considerable upregulation of Hsp expression was detected on days with high temperature. The adults can also be exposed to thermal stress as high as 40 °C or higher in the field. However, most of the flies showed no or less Hsp expression. The observations in the experimental cage under field conditions revealed behavioural thermorégulation of adults through microhabitat selection. The present study demonstrates ontogenetic alteration of the strategy to overcome thermal stress in an insect; in the field, less mobile larvae use physiological protection against heat (HSP production), whereas highly mobile adults avoid the stress behaviourally (through microhabitat selection).