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5 result(s) for "大型食肉动物"
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中国三北地区2011—2020年大中型兽类多样性红外相机调查状况与评估
大中型兽类是生态系统中具有标识性和重要生态功能的动物类群,了解三北地区大中型兽类物种的组成与分布现状是三北地区生物多样性保护的基础。本研究基于全面的文献检索,以中国三北地区体质量≥1 kg的陆生兽类物种为目标类群,汇总整理了2011—2020年中国三北地区目标兽类的分布数据,以红外相机实地调查的观测记录为主体,共收集到文献与数据集376份,汇总物种记录2 158条。结果显示:在三北地区2011—2020年共记录到分属6目15科的目标兽类68种,占全国目标兽类物种总数的48.23%。其中,被列为国家一级和二级重点保护野生动物的兽类分别有29种和27种,被中国红色名录评估为受威胁(CR、EN、VU)的物种有40种。三北地区中,西北地区是记录目标类群兽类物种数最多(63种)的区域,甘肃则是记录物种数最多(49种)的省级行政区。在不同动物地理分区中,青藏区是记录物种数(41种)最多的区域,内蒙古高原区的记录物种数最少(22种)。新疆是记录目标类群兽类平均体质量(81.11 kg)最大的省级行政区。三北地区目前共记录到6种大型顶级食肉动物,而北京、天津、辽宁三省市无大型顶级食肉动物记录。本研究的结果可以加深我们对近10年三北地区兽类资源现状的了解,为后续三北地区兽类物种的多样性编目更新,以及受威胁物种的研究与保护管理工作提供重要的基础资料。
中国三北地区2011-2020年大中型兽类多样性红外相机调查状况与评估
Q958.1; 大中型兽类是生态系统中具有标识性和重要生态功能的动物类群,了解三北地区大中型兽类物种的组成与分布现状是三北地区生物多样性保护的基础.本研究基于全面的文献检索,以中国三北地区体质量≥1 kg的陆生兽类物种为目标类群,汇总整理了2011-2020年中国三北地区目标兽类的分布数据,以红外相机实地调查的观测记录为主体,共收集到文献与数据集375份,汇总物种记录2 158条.结果显示:2011-2020年在三北地区共记录到分属6目15科的目标兽类68种,占全国目标兽类物种总数的48.23%.其中,被列为国家一级和二级重点保护野生动物的兽类分别有29种和27种,被中国红色名录评估为受威胁(CR、EN、VU)的物种有40种.在三北地区中,西北地区是记录目标类群兽类物种数最多(63种)的区域,甘肃则是记录物种数最多(49种)的省级行政区.在不同动物地理分区中,青藏区是记录物种数最多(41种)的区域,内蒙古高原区记录物种数最少(22种).新疆是记录目标类群兽类平均体质量最大(81.11 kg)的省级行政区.三北地区目前共记录到6种大型顶级食肉动物,而北京、天津和辽宁三省市无大型顶级食肉动物记录.本研究结果有助于增进对近10年来三北地区兽类资源现状的认识,为后续三北地区兽类物种的多样性编目更新,以及受威胁物种的研究与保护管理工作提供重要的基础资料.
人与大型食肉动物冲突的补偿措施应用成效、问题与对策
Q958.12; 在全球范围内,人与大型食肉动物的冲突越发频繁.补偿措施是缓解冲突的关键手段之一.本研究首先对人与大型食肉动物冲突情况进行简要概述,然后梳理国内外缓解该冲突的补偿措施,并总结各补偿措施在大型食肉动物中的应用情况、优劣势等.结果表明:政府等补偿主体的财政能力是直接经济补偿的重要保障,社区自主管理是确保补偿成功的关键要素,而引入市场机制能保障补偿长期可持续.中国目前的补偿措施已较为多样化,但存在资金欠缺、社区共管能力不足和补偿方案设计有缺陷等问题.有关机构还需优化补偿方案,进一步拓展资金来源渠道,并增强社区自主管理能力,宣传推广补偿方案,确保补偿到位,此外,建立包括直接经济补偿和市场化补偿的综合补偿体系,并增强配套野生动物肇事科学监测预警措施.这对于我国更科学有效地缓解人与大型食肉动物冲突,促进生态文明建设和实现昆蒙框架下\"与自然和谐共生\"的愿景具有重要现实意义.
Use of ambiguous detections to improve estimates from species distribution models
As large carnivores recover throughout Europe, there is a need to study their distribution to determine their conservation status and assess the potential for conflicts with human activities. However, efficient monitoring of many large carnivore species is challenging due to their rarity, elusive behavior and large home range size. In Europe, most current monitoring protocols rely on multiple detection methods, which can include opportunistic sightings from citizens in addition to designed surveys. Two types of detection errors may occur in such monitoring schemes; false negatives and false positives. When not accounted for, both can bias estimates from species distribution models (SDMs). False negative detections can be accounted for in SDMs that deal with imperfect detection. In contrast, false positive detections, due to species misidentification, have only rarely been accounted for in SDMs. Generally, researchers use ad hoc methods to avoid false positives through data filtering to discard ambiguous observations prior to analysis. These practices may discard valuable ecological information on the distribution of a species. Here, we investigated the costs and benefits of including data types that might include false positives rather than discard them for SDMs of large carnivores. We showcase a dynamic occupancy model that simultaneously accounts for false negatives and positives to jointly analyze data that include both unambiguous detections and ambiguous detections. Using simulations, we show that the addition of ambiguous detections increases the precision of parameter estimates. The analysis of data on the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) suggested that incorporating ambiguous detections produced more precise estimates of the ecological parameters and revealed additional occupied sites in areas where the species is likely expanding. Overall, our work shows that ambiguous data should be considered when studying the distribution of large carnivores, through the use of dynamic occupancy models accounting for misidentification.
未开发的印度中部保护区内大型捕食者及其猎物种群的初步评估
我们评估了印度中部恰蒂斯加尔邦一处几乎未被开发的乌丹蒂‐西塔那迪老虎保护区(USTR)内的大型捕食者及其猎物的种群状况。我们完成了108条空间重复样线的调查,共计976 km,发现该地区的野生有蹄类动物密度(8.46 ± 2.1只/km2)低于该区域其他保护区的有蹄类密度水平。基于自动相机调查的 3004个持续拍摄日,仅拍摄到2只老虎个体的37张照片。此外,豹(22.03 ± 0.19只,密度1.56 ± 0.36只/100 km2)和斑纹鬣狗(18.18 ± 0.45只,密度1.69 ± 0.43只/100 km2)的种群数量和密度也较低。研究还发现,在USTR 内,捕食者和猎物在时间维度上对人类出现的回避,这可能与遍布整个保护区的人为干扰有关。因此,为了缓解USTR内迫切的保护危机,需要同步实施有效执法下的替代生计策略和自愿性村庄重建。