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近年来大量研究表明microRNAs（miRNAs）与人类多种肿瘤的发生发展及侵袭转移存在着密切关系,miRNAs可能成为一类新的致癌基因或抑癌基因,它们通过抑制靶mRNA翻译或诱导靶mRNA降解在转录后水平调控基因表达,具有癌基因或抑癌基因的功能,参与肿瘤的发生、发展及侵袭转移。

Emerging studies document the roles of long non-coding RNAs （LncRNAs） in regulating gene expression at chromatin level but relatively less is known how they regulate DNA methylation. Here we identify an lncRNA, Dum （developmental pluripotency-associated 2 （Dppa2） Upstream binding Muscle IncRNA） in skeletal myoblast cells. The expression of Dum is dynamically regulated during myogenesis in vitro and in vivo. It is also transcriptionally induced by MyoD binding upon myoblast differentiation. Functional analyses show that it promotes myoblast differentiation and damage-induced muscle regeneration. Mechanistically, Dum was found to silence its neighboring gene, Dppa2, in cis through recruiting Dnmtl, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. Furthermore, intrachromosomal looping between Dum locus and Dppa2 promoter is necessary for Dum/Dppa2 interaction. Collectively, we have identified a novel IncRNA that interacts with Dnmts to regulate myogenesis.

MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are a series of conserved, short, non-coding RNAs that modulate gene expression in a posttranscriptional manner, miRNAs are involved in almost every physiological and pathological process. Type 1 diabetes （TID） is an autoimmune disease that is the result of selective destruction of pancreatic p-cells driven by the immune system, miRNAs are also important participants in TID pathogenesis. Herein, we review the most recent data on the potential involvement of miRNAs in TID. Specifically, we focus on two aspects： the roles of miRNAs in maintaining immune homeostasis and regulating β-cell survival and/or functions in TID. We also discuss circulating miRNAs as potent biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of TID and investigate potential therapeutic approaches for this disease.

MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are well-conserved noncoding RNAs that broadly regulate gene expression through posttranscriptional silencing of coding genes. Dysregulated miRNA expression in prostate and other cancers implicates their role in cancer biology. Moreover, functional studies provide support for the contribution of miRNAs to several key pathways in cancer initiation and progression. Comparative analyses of miRNA gene expression between malignant and nonmalignant prostate tissues, healthy controls and prostate cancer （PCa） patients, as well as less aggressive versus more aggressive disease indicate that miRNAs may be future diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in tumor tissue, blood, or urine. Further, miRNAs may be future therapeutics or therapeutic targets. In this review, we examine the miRNAs most commonly observed to be de-regulated in PCa gene expression analyses and review the potential contribution of these miRNAs to important pathways in PCa initiation and progression.

Currently, cardiovascular diseases remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, indicating the need for innovative therapies and diagnosis for heart disease. MicroRNAs （miRNAs） have recently emerged as one of the central players in regulating gene expression. Numerous studies have documented the implications of miRNAs in nearly every pathological process of the cardiovascular system, including cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, cardiac fibrosis, cardiac ischemia and vascular atherosclerosis. More surprisingly, forced expression or suppression of a single miRNA is enough to cause or alleviate the pathological alteration, underscoring the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases. In this review we summarize the key miRNAs that can solely modulate the cardiovascular pathological process and discuss the mechanisms by which they exert their function and the perspective of these miRNAs as novel therapeutic targets and/or diagnostic markers. In addition, current approaches for manipulating the action of miRNAs will be introduced.

Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） is common and one of the most aggressive of all human cancers. Recent studies have indi- cated that miRNAs, a class of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, directly contribute to HCC by targeting many critical regulatory genes. Several miRNAs are involved in hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus replication and virus-induced changes, whereas others participate in multiple intracellular signaling pathways that modulate apoptosis, cell cycle checkpoints, and growth-factor-stimulated responses. When disturbed, these pathways appear to result in malignant transformation and ultimately HCC development. Recently, miRNAs circulating in the blood have acted as possible early di- agnostic markers for HCC. These miRNA also could serve as indicators with respect to drug efficacy and be prognostic in HCC patients. Such biomarkers would assist stratification of HCC patients and help direct personalized therapy. Here, we summarize recent advances regarding the role of miRNAs in HCC development and progression. Our expectation is that these and ongoing studies will contribute to the understanding of the multiple roles of these small noncoding RNAs in liver tumor- igenesis.

Adenosine to inosine （A-to-I） RNA editing is the most abundant editing event in animals. It converts adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA regions through the action of the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA （ADAR） proteins. Editing of pre-mRNA coding regions can alter the protein codon and increase functional diversity. However, most of the A-to-I editing sites occur in the non-coding regions of pre-mRNA or mRNA and non-coding RNAs. Untranslated regions （UTRs） and introns are located in pre-rnRNA non-coding regions, thus A-to-I editing can influence gene expression by nuclear retention, degrada- tion, alternative splicing, and translation regulation. Non-coding RNAs such as microRNA （miRNA）, small interfering RNA （siRNA） and long non-coding RNA （lncRNA） are related to pre-mRNA splicing, translation, and gene regulation. A-to-I edit- ing could therefore affect the stability, biogenesis, and target recognition of non-coding RNAs. Finally, it may influence the function of non-coding RNAs, resulting in regulation of gene expression. This review focuses on the function of ADAR-mediated RNA editing on mRNA non-coding regions （UTRs and introns） and non-coding RNAs （miRNA, siRNA, and IncRNA）.

It is clear that RNA is more than just a messenger between gene and protein. The mammalian genome is pervasively tran- scribed, giving rise to tens of thousands of non-coding transcripts. Whether all of these transcripts are functional remains to be elucidated, but it is evident that there are many functional long non-coding RNAs （lncRNAs）. Recent studies have set out to decode the regulatory role and functional diversity of lncRNAs. Here we organize these studies to highlight the significant in- volvements of lncRNAs in regulation of gene expression and human physiological and pathological processes, which are achieved by their interaction with DNA, RNA or protein.

microRNAs （miRNAs） constitute a unique class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Studies over the past decade have uncovered a r~curring paradigm in which miRNAs are key regulators of cellular behavior under various physiological and pathological conditions. Most surprising is the recent observation that miRNAs have emerged as competent players in somatic cell reprogramming, suggesting an especially significant role for these small RNAs in cell fate settings. Here, we discuss the possible mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated cell programming （i.e., the development and differentiation of embryonic stem cells） and reprogramming （i.e., turning somatic cells into pluripo- tent stem cells or other lineages）, and provide a ＂Helm＂ model of miRNAs in cell fate decision and conversion.

Accumulating evidence has suggested that epigenetic marks including DNA methylation,small RNA and histone modification may involve hybrid vigor in plants.However,knowledge about how epigenetic marks in hybrids regulate gene expression is still limited.Based on genome-wide DNA methylation landscapes of Arabidopsis thaliana Ler and C24 ecotypes and their reciprocal F1 hybrids which were obtained in our previous work,we analyzed allele-specific DNA methylation and distinguished cis-and trans-regulated DNA methylation in hybrids.Our study indicated that both cis-and trans-regulated DNA methylation played roles in hybrids,when cis-regulation played a major role in CG methylation and trans-regulation played major roles in CHG and CHH methylation.In addition,we observed correlations between trans-regulated DNA methylation and siRNA densities.Enriched siRNA regions were significantly concurrent with highly trans-regulated DNA methylation regions.Our results illustrated DNA methylation regulation patterns integrated with siRNAs in Arabidopsis hybrids,and shed light on understanding the mechanism of epigenetic reprogramming for hybrid vigor.